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Delhi Police Head Constable 2025-26 8 January 2026 Shift 2 GK Questions – with answers & solutions

All 20 GK / GS questions asked in Delhi Police Head Constable 2025-26 on 8 January 2026 Shift 2, with correct answers and short solutions, subject-wise: Static GK, Polity, Physics, Economics, Modern History, Ancient History.

📚 20 questions🗓️ 8 January 2026⏰ Shift 2
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Subjects: Static GK (7) · Polity (2) · Physics (1) · Economics (5) · Modern History (2) · Ancient History (1) · Chemistry (1) · Medieval History (1)

Static GK (7)

Dances · Folk dances by state

Q1. Which folk dance of India uses wooden dummy horses, vibrant costumes, and is performed to commemorate battlefield valor?

  1. (a) Bhangra
  2. (b) Garba
  3. (c) Kummi
  4. (d) Poikkal Kuthirai
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Poikkal Kuthirai

Correct Answer: Option 4 – Poikkal Kuthirai
Poikkal Kuthirai (meaning 'dummy horse' in Tamil) is a traditional folk dance of Tamil Nadu. Performers wear a frame shaped like a horse around their waist, creating the illusion of riding a horse. The dance is performed using colourful , vibrant costumes and is associated with commemorating battlefield valor and warriors. It is commonly performed at temples, festivals, and cultural celebrations in Tamil Nadu.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Bhangra): Bhangra is a folk dance of Punjab, associated with the harvest festival of Baisakhi. It does not involve wooden dummy horses.
Option 2 (Garba): Garba is a folk dance of Gujarat, performed during Navratri. It uses circular movements and dandiya sticks, not wooden horses.
Option 3 ( Kummi ): Kummi is a simple folk dance of Tamil Nadu and Kerala performed by women by clapping hands in rhythm. It does not involve wooden horses.
Festivals, Fairs, Paintings and Crafts · Festivals by state

Q2. What is the primary purpose of organizing the Perupalem Beach Festival?

  1. (a) To promote traditional fishing practices
  2. (b) To boost export of coastal goods
  3. (c) To promote Perupalem as a tourism destination
  4. (d) To conduct coastal clean-up drives
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) To promote Perupalem as a tourism destination

Correct Answer: Option 3 – To promote Perupalem as a tourism destination
The Perupalem Beach Festival is organized at Perupalem beach in Andhra Pradesh primarily to promote it as a tourism destination. The festival showcases the cultural richness of coastal Andhra through folk music, traditional dances, local cuisine, and cultural performances. The Andhra Pradesh government and tourism department organize this event to attract tourists, boost local economy, and put the scenic Perupalem beach on the tourism map.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Promote traditional fishing practices): While fishing is part of the local culture, this is not the primary purpose of the organized festival.
Option 2 (Boost export of coastal goods): Coastal goods export is not an objective of this cultural beach festival.
Option 4 (Coastal clean-up drives): Environmental clean-up is not the primary purpose of the Perupalem Beach Festival.
Books and Authors · International books and authors

Q3. Which of the following statements is correct about The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida?

  1. (a) It is a memoir of a Sri Lankan journalist during the colonial period.
  2. (b) It follows a dead war photographer navigating the afterlife during the civil war.
  3. (c) It is a collection of essays about conflict resolution in South Asia.
  4. (d) It is a historical fiction based on the life of Buddha.
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) It follows a dead war photographer navigating the afterlife during the civil war.

Correct Answer: Option 2 – It follows a dead war photographer navigating the afterlife during the civil war
'The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida' is a novel written by Sri Lankan author Shehan Karunatilaka. It won the Booker Prize in 2022. The novel is set during Sri Lanka's civil war and follows Maali Almeida, a war photographer who wakes up dead in a purgatory-like afterlife. He has seven moons (days) to figure out who killed him and to lead his loved ones to a cache of explosive photographs that could change the course of the war. The book is a dark, satirical, and supernatural exploration of Sri Lanka's brutal civil conflict.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Memoir of a Sri Lankan journalist during colonial period): It is a novel, not a memoir, and is set during the civil war, not the colonial period.
Option 3 (Essays about conflict resolution): It is a work of fiction, not a collection of non-fiction essays.
Option 4 (Historical fiction about Buddha): The novel is about Sri Lanka's modern civil war, not the life of Buddha.
Organisations and Headquarters · India's foreign relations and connectivity projects

Q4. Which of the following is a key Indian Ocean nation participating in India's SAGAR initiative?

  1. (a) Uzbekistan
  2. (b) Seychelles
  3. (c) Nepal
  4. (d) Bhutan
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Seychelles

Correct Answer: Option 2 – Seychelles
SAGAR stands for 'Security and Growth for All in the Region', a vision articulated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2015 in Mauritius. It outlines India's maritime strategy for the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). India's SAGAR initiative focuses on:
• Maritime security cooperation
• Blue economy development
• Disaster response
• Capacity building for Indian Ocean island nations
Seychelles is a key island nation in the Indian Ocean that actively participates in SAGAR. India has provided Seychelles with patrol vessels, a Dornier aircraft, and is developing infrastructure on Assumption Island.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Uzbekistan): Uzbekistan is a landlocked Central Asian country with no Indian Ocean coastline.
Option 3 (Nepal): Nepal is a landlocked Himalayan country — not an Indian Ocean nation.
Option 4 (Bhutan): Bhutan is a landlocked Himalayan country — not an Indian Ocean nation.
Sports · Number of players and field dimensions

Q5. What is the standard length of a football field?

  1. (a) 90-120 m
  2. (b) 50-70 m
  3. (c) 30-50 m
  4. (d) 120-150 m
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 90-120 m

Correct Answer: Option 1 – 90-120 m
According to FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football Association) Laws of the Game, the standard dimensions of a football field are:
• Length (touch line): 90 to 120 metres
• Width (goal line): 45 to 90 metres
For international matches, the specifications are slightly stricter:
• Length: 100 to 110 metres
• Width: 64 to 75 metres
Why other options are wrong:
Option 2 (50-70 m): This falls below the minimum FIFA length of 90 metres .
Option 3 (30-50 m): Far too small — this would be a small-sided game pitch.
Option 4 (120-150 m): The maximum FIFA length is 120 m; 120-150 m exceeds the allowed range.
Sports · Football and hockey

Q6. Where were the 14th Hockey India Senior Women National Championship held in 2024?

  1. (a) Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
  2. (b) Ranchi, Jharkhand
  3. (c) Pune, Maharashtra
  4. (d) Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Pune, Maharashtra

Correct Answer: Option 3 – Pune, Maharashtra
The 14th Hockey India Senior Women National Championship 2024 was held in Pune, Maharashtra. The tournament featured teams from across India competing for the national title in women's field hockey.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh): Bhopal was not the venue for this championship.
Option 2 (Ranchi, Jharkhand): Ranchi is a major hockey centre (associated with men's hockey), but was not the venue for this particular event in 2024.
Option 4 (Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh): Gwalior was not the venue for the 14th Hockey India Senior Women National Championship.
Sports · Sports schemes and campaigns (Khelo India, Fit India)

Q7. Which of the following is true about the Fit India Movement?

  1. (a) It encourages everyday physical activity.
  2. (b) It only promotes diet plans.
  3. (c) It is a yoga-only campaign.
  4. (d) It began in 2010.
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) It encourages everyday physical activity.

Correct Answer: Option 1 – It encourages everyday physical activity
The Fit India Movement was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 29 August 2019 (National Sports Day — the birth anniversary of Major Dhyan Chand). It is a nationwide campaign to encourage Indians to incorporate physical fitness and sports activities into their daily lives. The movement promotes:
• Simple, everyday physical activities like walking, cycling, yoga, sports.
• Fitness awareness in schools, colleges, government offices, and communities.
• A holistic approach to health, not just diet or a single form of exercise.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 2 (Only promotes diet plans): The Fit India Movement focuses on physical activity, not diet plans. Diet planning is a separate domain.
Option 3 (Yoga-only campaign): While yoga is one component, the movement encompasses all forms of physical activity — it is not yoga-only. The International Yoga Day (21 June) is a separate initiative.
Option 4 (Began in 2010): The Fit India Movement was launched in 2019, not 2010.

Polity (2)

Emergency and Centre-State Relations · Financial relations

Q8. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the nature, criteria, and constitutional status of Special Category Status (SCS) granted to certain Indian states?

  1. (a) Special Category Status is explicitly mentioned in the Constitution under Article 371, granting states automatic financial benefits and exemption from all central taxes.
  2. (b) The criteria for Special Category Status include factors like hilly terrain, tribal population, border location, and economic backwardness, but the status is a political and administrative classification decided by the Union Government, not a constitutional right.
  3. (c) The Finance Commission mandates the grant of Special Category Status to states based on per capita income, and it is binding on the Union Government.
  4. (d) Once a state is granted Special Category Status, it remains permanent and cannot be revoked by the Union Government or Parliament.
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) The criteria for Special Category Status include factors like hilly terrain, tribal population, border location, and economic backwardness, but the status is a political and administrative classification decided by the Union Government, not a constitutional right.

Correct Answer: Option 2 – SCS is a political and administrative classification, not a constitutional right
Special Category Status (SCS) is NOT mentioned in the Constitution. It was a concept introduced by the 5th Finance Commission (1969) based on the Gadgil Formula for distributing central assistance. The criteria for granting SCS include:
• Hilly terrain and difficult geography
• Low population density or significant tribal population
• Strategic location along international borders
• Economic and infrastructure backwardness
• Non-viable state finances
Importantly, SCS is a political and administrative decision of the Union Government (earlier through the National Development Council), not a constitutional right. The 14th Finance Commission (2015) effectively discontinued the SCS framework, replacing it with increased devolution to states.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1: SCS is NOT mentioned in Article 371 or any constitutional article. Article 371 gives special provisions to specific states but for different reasons.
Option 3: The Finance Commission does not mandate SCS; it was decided by the Planning Commission/NDC.
Option 4: SCS is not permanent and can be changed by the Union Government.
Polity Miscellaneous · Important acts and rights laws (RTI, RTE, etc.)

Q9. Under which Chapter of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, are the classes of Criminal Courts such as Courts of Session, Judicial Magistrates, and Executive Magistrates defined?

  1. (a) Chapter I
  2. (b) Chapter II
  3. (c) Chapter III
  4. (d) Chapter IV
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Chapter II

Correct Answer: Option 2 – Chapter II
Under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023 (which replaced the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973), Chapter II deals with the 'Constitution of Criminal Courts and Offices'. This chapter defines and establishes the various classes of Criminal Courts in India, including:
• Courts of Session
• Judicial Magistrates (First Class and Second Class)
• Executive Magistrates
Chapter II lays out the hierarchy, jurisdiction, and composition of these courts.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Chapter I): Chapter I of BNSS deals with preliminary matters — definitions, application, and short title.
Option 3 (Chapter III): Chapter III deals with powers of courts — sentencing and punishments.
Option 4 (Chapter IV): Chapter IV covers matters related to aid and information to Magistrates.

Physics (1)

Modern Physics and Electronics · Electromagnetic spectrum and radiations

Q10. Why is infrared imaging preferred over visible imaging for thermal and surveillance operations?

  1. (a) Infrared waves have higher energy and pass through obstacles better than visible light.
  2. (b) All objects emit infrared radiation proportional to their temperature, making it ideal for heat-based detection.
  3. (c) Infrared waves are not absorbed by atmospheric gases and are ideal for interstellar communication.
  4. (d) Infrared radiation can ionize atoms, revealing electromagnetic signatures of hidden objects.
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) All objects emit infrared radiation proportional to their temperature, making it ideal for heat-based detection.

Correct Answer: Option 2 – All objects emit infrared radiation proportional to their temperature
Every object with a temperature above absolute zero emits infrared (IR) radiation. The amount and wavelength of IR radiation emitted is directly proportional to the object's temperature (as described by Planck's Law and Wien's Displacement Law). This means:
• Warm objects (humans, vehicles, engines) emit more IR than their cooler surroundings.
• IR cameras detect this temperature difference, making them excellent for surveillance (night vision), search-and-rescue, medical diagnostics, and military thermal imaging.
• Unlike visible light imaging, IR imaging does not need external light sources — it works in complete darkness.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (IR waves have higher energy): Infrared waves actually have LOWER energy than visible light (longer wavelength, lower frequency).
Option 3 (Not absorbed by atmospheric gases): Infrared is partially absorbed by atmospheric gases (especially CO2 and water vapour ). It is not ideal for interstellar communication.
Option 4 (IR can ionize atoms): Infrared radiation does NOT have enough energy to ionize atoms. Ionizing radiation includes X-rays, gamma rays, and UV (high energy).

Economics (5)

National Income · Per capita income

Q11. India's real GDP growth in 2025 is reported at 6.8%, but per capita NNP at factor cost grows only by 4.2%. What could be the most plausible reason for this divergence?

  1. (a) Rapid depreciation of physical capital and population growth reduced per capita net income despite healthy GDP growth.
  2. (b) Increase in exports and FDI inflows artificially suppressed GNP.
  3. (c) The divergence is statistically irrelevant and reflects a normal economic pattern.
  4. (d) Reduction in public investment increased fiscal surplus and lowered factor cost calculations.
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Rapid depreciation of physical capital and population growth reduced per capita net income despite healthy GDP growth.

Correct Answer: Option 1 – Rapid depreciation and population growth reduced per capita NNP
The divergence between GDP growth (6.8%) and per capita NNP growth (4.2%) can be explained by two key factors:
1. Depreciation: NNP = GNP - Depreciation of capital. If physical capital depreciates rapidly (due to aging infrastructure, high usage), NNP will be significantly lower than GDP.
2. Population growth: Per capita NNP = NNP / Population. Even if NNP grows, if population grows faster, per capita NNP growth will be lower.
Together, high depreciation reduces NNP from GDP, and population growth further dilutes per capita NNP, resulting in only 4.2% growth despite 6.8% GDP growth.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 2 (Exports and FDI suppressed GNP): Exports and FDI inflows actually boost GNP, not suppress it. They do not explain the divergence.
Option 3 (Statistically irrelevant): A difference of 2.6 percentage points between GDP growth and per capita NNP growth is significant and not merely statistical noise.
Option 4 (Reduced public investment lowered factor cost): Reduced public investment would decrease GDP growth, not explain why NNP grows slower than GDP.
Money and Banking · NPAs and banking reforms (Narasimham, SARFAESI, IBC)

Q12. Which committee's recommendations led to major financial sector reforms post-1991?

  1. (a) Abid Hussain Committee
  2. (b) Narasimham Committee
  3. (c) Chelliah Committee
  4. (d) Rangarajan Committee
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Narasimham Committee

Correct Answer: Option 2 – Narasimham Committee
The Narasimham Committee, chaired by M. Narasimham (former RBI Governor), made landmark recommendations for financial sector reforms post-1991:
• Narasimham Committee I (1991): Recommended reduction of CRR and SLR, deregulation of interest rates, strengthening bank supervision, and reducing directed lending.
• Narasimham Committee II (1998): Focused on strengthening the banking system, NPA resolution, capital adequacy norms, and entry of new private banks.
These recommendations transformed India's banking and financial sector.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Abid Hussain Committee): This committee was related to small-scale industry policy, not financial sector reforms.
Option 3 (Chelliah Committee): The Raja Chelliah Committee dealt with tax reforms (direct and indirect taxes), not financial sector reforms.
Option 4 (Rangarajan Committee): C. Rangarajan chaired committees on agricultural statistics and poverty estimation, not specifically the post-1991 financial sector reforms.
External Sector and International Economic Organisations · FDI, FPI and FEMA

Q13. The term 'round tripping' in case of Foreign Direct Investments is related to which among the following?

  1. (a) Use of FDI Funds out of Country
  2. (b) Coming Back of Domestic Money as FDI
  3. (c) Sending Back of Domestic Money as FDI
  4. (d) Repatriation of the FDI made abroad
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Coming Back of Domestic Money as FDI

Correct Answer: Option 2 – Coming Back of Domestic Money as FDI
'Round tripping' in the context of FDI refers to a practice where domestic money (often black money or capital) is first sent abroad (usually to tax havens like Mauritius, Cayman Islands) and then brought back into the country disguised as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). This allows investors to:
• Avoid domestic taxes (tax evasion)
• Benefit from FDI tax exemptions and incentives
• Launder money through the appearance of legitimate foreign investment
India receives significant FDI inflows from Mauritius and Singapore, some of which has historically been suspected of being round-tripped domestic capital.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Use of FDI funds out of Country): This refers to how FDI is utilised , not round tripping.
Option 3 (Sending Back of Domestic Money as FDI): This is the first step (outflow), but round tripping specifically refers to the return of that money AS FDI — Option 2 more accurately captures the complete concept of what 'round tripping' means.
Option 4 (Repatriation of FDI made abroad): Repatriation refers to legitimate return of profits/capital by genuine foreign investors, not round tripping.
Government Schemes and Economic Reports · Global indices - publishers and methodology

Q14. The Ease of Doing Business ( EoDB ) index published by the World Bank was discontinued in 2021.
What was the main reason for this significant global move affecting economic benchmarking tools?

  1. (a) The rise of cryptocurrency
  2. (b) India's objection to its ranking methodology
  3. (c) Allegations of data manipulation in rankings of some countries
  4. (d) Merger with UNDP's HDI
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Allegations of data manipulation in rankings of some countries

Correct Answer: Option 3 – Allegations of data manipulation in rankings of some countries
The World Bank discontinued the Ease of Doing Business ( EoDB ) Index in September 2021 following an internal investigation (the WilmerHale investigation) that found data irregularities and manipulation in the rankings of certain countries — specifically China, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Azerbaijan. The investigation revealed that senior World Bank management (including former CEO Kristalina Georgieva) had allegedly pressured staff to alter data to improve rankings of these countries. This led to a severe credibility crisis, forcing the World Bank to permanently discontinue the index.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Rise of cryptocurrency): Cryptocurrency had nothing to do with the discontinuation of the EoDB index.
Option 2 (India's objection): While India had raised concerns about methodology, the primary reason for discontinuation was the data manipulation allegations involving other countries.
Option 4 (Merger with UNDP's HDI): The EoDB index was not merged with UNDP's Human Development Index. These are completely separate indices.
Basic Concepts and Economic Systems · Economic systems (capitalist, socialist, mixed)

Q15. India's post-independence economic model is often described as a 'mixed economy'. What does this imply?

  1. (a) Economic activities are solely controlled by the government (public sector).
  2. (b) Economic activities are completely free from government intervention.
  3. (c) Co-existence of both public and private sectors in economic activities.
  4. (d) Dominance of foreign companies in all major economic sectors.
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Co-existence of both public and private sectors in economic activities.

Correct Answer: Option 3 – Co-existence of both public and private sectors
A mixed economy is one where both the public sector (government-owned enterprises) and the private sector (privately owned businesses) co-exist and operate simultaneously. After independence, India adopted a mixed economy model:
• The public sector controlled strategic industries ( defence , railways, heavy industries, banks).
• The private sector operated in consumer goods, trade, agriculture, and small/medium industries.
• The government used planning (Five Year Plans) and regulations to guide development.
This model aimed to combine the advantages of capitalism (private enterprise, efficiency) and socialism (equity, welfare).
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Solely government controlled): This describes a Socialist/Command economy — not a mixed economy.
Option 2 (Completely free from government): This describes a purely Capitalist/Free-market economy — not India's model.
Option 4 (Dominance of foreign companies): India's mixed economy was largely nationalist, with significant restrictions on foreign companies (especially before 1991).

Modern History (2)

Swadeshi, Revolutionaries and Home Rule · HRA, HSRA, Bhagat Singh and Kakori

Q16. On the occasion of his birth anniversary in July 2025, which contribution is Chandra Shekhar Azad most remembered for?

  1. (a) Promoting rural education and women's rights
  2. (b) Founding the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
  3. (c) Leading armed resistance against British colonial rule
  4. (d) Drafting the Constitution of India
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Leading armed resistance against British colonial rule

Correct Answer: Option 3 – Leading armed resistance against British colonial rule
Chandra Shekhar Azad (23 July 1906 – 27 February 1931) is celebrated as one of the most fearless revolutionaries of India's freedom struggle. He is best remembered for:
• Leading the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) along with Bhagat Singh and others.
• Planning and executing the Kakori Train Robbery (1925) to fund revolutionary activities.
• Avenging Lala Lajpat Rai's death by participating in the killing of British police officer Saunders.
• Vowing never to be captured alive — he died fighting British police in Allahabad's Alfred Park on 27 February 1931.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Rural education and women's rights): This is associated with reformers like Jyotiba Phule, not Azad.
Option 2 (Founding RSS): RSS was founded by K.B. Hedgewar in 1925, not by Chandra Shekhar Azad.
Option 4 (Drafting the Constitution): The Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly under Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's leadership. Azad died in 1931, years before the Constitution was drafted.
Socio-Religious Reform Movements · Arya Samaj and Dayananda Saraswati

Q17. Who among the following was a prominent educational reformer and founder of Dayanand Anglo Vedic College?

  1. (a) Lala Hansraj
  2. (b) Govind Ballabh Pant
  3. (c) Arun Chandra Guha
  4. (d) Asaf Ali
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Lala Hansraj

Correct Answer: Option 1 – Lala Hansraj
Lala Hansraj (1864–1938) was a prominent Arya Samaj leader and educational reformer. He was the founder and key driving force behind the Dayanand Anglo Vedic (DAV) educational movement. He established the first DAV School/College in Lahore in 1886, following the principles of Swami Dayananda Saraswati's Arya Samaj — combining modern English education with Vedic values. He dedicated his life to education and served without salary for many years, earning the title 'Mahatma' from Lala Lajpat Rai.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 2 (Govind Ballabh Pant): He was a politician and India's first Home Minister from Uttar Pradesh, not associated with DAV College.
Option 3 (Arun Chandra Guha): He was a freedom fighter and politician from Bengal, not an educational reformer connected to DAV.
Option 4 (Asaf Ali): He was a nationalist politician, lawyer, and diplomat — not the founder of DAV College.

Ancient History (1)

Sources and Prehistoric India · Neolithic Age

Q18. The first permanent settlements of the Stone Age, where agriculture began, are characteristic of which period?

  1. (a) Paleolithic
  2. (b) Mesolithic
  3. (c) Neolithic
  4. (d) Chalcolithic
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Neolithic

Correct Answer: Option 3 – Neolithic
The Neolithic period (New Stone Age) is characterized by the beginning of settled agriculture, permanent villages, and the domestication of animals. Key features:
• First permanent settlements replaced nomadic lifestyles.
• Cultivation of crops like wheat and barley began.
• Polished stone tools replaced chipped stones.
• Pottery was invented for grain storage.
• In India, early Neolithic settlements include Mehrgarh ( Balochistan ), Burzahom (Kashmir), and Chirand (Bihar).
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Paleolithic): The Old Stone Age was characterized by nomadic hunter-gatherers, cave dwellings, and crude stone tools. No permanent settlements or agriculture.
Option 2 (Mesolithic): The Middle Stone Age was a transitional period with micro-tools and semi-nomadic lifestyle. Agriculture had not yet begun.
Option 4 (Chalcolithic): The Copper-Stone Age came AFTER Neolithic. People used both stone and copper tools, but settled agriculture had already begun in the Neolithic.

Chemistry (1)

Everyday and Industrial Chemistry · Fuels and calorific value (LPG, CNG, coal, petroleum)

Q19. Read the below statements regarding 'Ethanol 100':
Statement 1: Ethanol 100, launched by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, is a cleaner fuel alternative with a high octane value.
Statement 2: Ethanol 100 is composed of 100% pure ethanol without any blending or additives.
Statement 3: Ethanol 100 includes motor spirit and co-solvents for flame visibility and combustion efficiency.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

  1. (a) Only Statements 1 and 2 are correct
  2. (b) Only Statements 1 and 3 are correct
  3. (c) Only Statement 2 is correct
  4. (d) 1, 2, and 3 all statements are correct
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Only Statements 1 and 3 are correct

Correct Answer: Option 2 – Only Statements 1 and 3 are correct
Statement 1 is CORRECT: Ethanol 100 was launched by India's Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas as a cleaner, greener fuel alternative. It has a high octane number (around 108–113), which improves engine performance and reduces harmful emissions compared to petrol.
Statement 2 is INCORRECT: Ethanol 100 is NOT 100% pure ethanol. While the name suggests high ethanol content, it includes additives such as motor spirit and co-solvents. Pure 100% ethanol is called 'anhydrous ethanol' and has practical limitations for direct engine use.
Statement 3 is CORRECT: Ethanol 100 contains motor spirit (petrol) and co-solvents to improve flame visibility (pure ethanol burns with an almost invisible flame, which is a safety hazard) and to enhance combustion efficiency in engines.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Only 1 and 2): Statement 2 is incorrect.
Option 3 (Only Statement 2): Statement 2 is incorrect.
Option 4 (All 3 correct): Statement 2 is incorrect.

Medieval History (1)

Mughal Empire · Mughal administration (mansabdari, zabt)

Q20. Under Emperor Akbar, the land revenue system known as ' Zabt ' was most effectively implemented in which of the following areas?

  1. (a) New Deccan regions
  2. (b) Densely surveyed core provinces
  3. (c) Rebellious frontier areas
  4. (d) Tribal shifting cultivation zones
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Densely surveyed core provinces

Correct Answer: Option 2 – Densely surveyed core provinces
The Zabt system (also called Dahsala system) was a sophisticated land revenue system developed by Raja Todar Mal under Emperor Akbar. It involved:
• Detailed measurement and survey of agricultural land.
• Classification of land based on productivity ( polaj , parauti , chachar , banjar ).
• Calculation of revenue based on average produce and prevailing prices over 10 years.
This system required extensive surveys and record-keeping, which was only possible in the densely surveyed, well-administered core provinces of the Mughal Empire — such as the Gangetic plains (Delhi, Agra, Allahabad, Awadh, Lahore). It could NOT be implemented in areas where surveys were difficult or where administration was weak.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (New Deccan regions): The Deccan was only partially conquered by Akbar; the Zabt system was not effectively implemented there.
Option 3 (Rebellious frontier areas): In frontier/rebellious areas, the administration was not stable enough for detailed surveys.
Option 4 (Tribal shifting cultivation zones): Shifting cultivation (jhum) made land measurement and assessment impossible; the Zabt system was inapplicable there.
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