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RRB Group D 2025-26 18 August 2026 Shift 2 GK Questions – with answers & solutions

All 43 GK / GS questions asked in RRB Group D 2025-26 on 18 August 2026 Shift 2, with correct answers and short solutions, subject-wise: Current Affairs, Biology, Chemistry, Physics.

📚 43 questions🗓️ 18 August 2026⏰ Shift 2
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Subjects: Current Affairs (19) · Biology (7) · Chemistry (7) · Physics (10)

Current Affairs (19)

Awards and Honours - Current · National awards - current

Q1. In May 2026, Harmanpreet Kaur was awarded the Padma Shri at Rashtrapati Bhavan. What was the primary achievement that led to this national honor?

  1. (a) Completing three hundred international match appearances
  2. (b) Scoring the fastest century in a T20 international
  3. (c) Leading India to its maiden ODI World Cup title
  4. (d) Securing consecutive gold medals at the Asian Games
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Leading India to its maiden ODI World Cup title

Harmanpreet Kaur's Padma Shri (May 2026)
CricketerHarmanpreet Kaurreceived thePadma Shrifrom President Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhavan in May 2026, as part of the Padma Awards 2026 ceremony, for captaining the Indian women's cricket team to itsmaiden ODI World Cup title(2025).
• Confirmed by Olympics.com: 'Harmanpreet Kaur receives Padma Shri for guiding India women to maiden World Cup win'.
• Also reported by WION, Deccan Herald and IANS covering the Padma Awards 2026 investiture ceremony.
Correct Answer: Leading India to its maiden ODI World Cup title
Reports, Indices and Rankings · Global indices and India's rank

Q2. According to the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), 2025, released by Transparency International in February 2026, what were India's rank and score?

  1. (a) 90th rank with a score of 40/100
  2. (b) 91st rank with a score of 39/100
  3. (c) 89th rank with a score of 41/100
  4. (d) 92nd rank with a score of 38/100
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 91st rank with a score of 39/100

Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 2025 — India's Rank
The CPI 2025, released by Transparency International in February 2026, rankedIndia 91st out of 182 countrieswith a score of39/100, an improvement of five places from the previous year.
• Insights on India (Feb 2026): 'India's Rank 91st in the Corruption Perceptions Index 2025'.
• Newsgram / TMV: 'India climbs up five places to 91st rank ... Corruption Perceptions Index 2025', score 39/100.
Correct Answer: 91st rank with a score of 39/100

Q3. Which of the following bills was passed by both Houses of Parliament during the 2026 Budget Session?

  1. (a) The Corporate Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2026.
  2. (b) The Delimitation Bill, 2026
  3. (c) The Union Territories Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2026
  4. (d) The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2026
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2026

Bills Passed in 2026 Budget Session
TheJan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2026was passed by both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) during the 2026 Budget Session, aimed at further decriminalising minor offences to promote ease of doing business and ease of living.
• PM India website: 'PM hails passage of the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2026 by Parliament'.
• News on Air (Apr 2, 2026): 'Rajya Sabha passes Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2026'.
Correct Answer: The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2026

Q4. Which book released on March 24, 2026, is authored by Katrina Manson detailing the Pentagon's campaign to integrate artificial intelligence and algorithmic targeting into modern warfare?

  1. (a) Code Frontier: A Military Captain, His Network, and the Future of Digital Warfare
  2. (b) Mission Phoenix: An Air Force General, His Squadron, and the Age of Drone Warfare
  3. (c) Project Maven: A Marine Colonel, His Team, and the Dawn of AI Warfare
  4. (d) Operation Sentinel: A Naval Commander, His Unit, and the Rise of Cyber Warfare
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Project Maven: A Marine Colonel, His Team, and the Dawn of AI Warfare

Katrina Manson's Book on AI Warfare
JournalistKatrina Mansonreleased'Project Maven: A Marine Colonel, His Team, and the Dawn of AI Warfare'in March 2026 (W.W. Norton & Company), documenting the Pentagon's Project Maven and its push to integrate AI and algorithmic targeting into modern warfare.
• W.W. Norton publisher page and Google Books listing confirm the exact title and author.
• NPR's 'Book of the Day' (Apr 2026) featured Katrina Manson discussing Project Maven; a related author event was listed for late March 2026, consistent with the stated release window.
Correct Answer: Project Maven: A Marine Colonel, His Team, and the Dawn of AI Warfare
Environment and Climate - Current · Climate summits (COP)

Q5. The World Sustainable Development Summit held in February 2026 in New Delhi mainly focused on which theme?

  1. (a) Transformations: Vision, Voices and Values for Sustainable Development
  2. (b) Partnerships: Innovation, Inclusion and Global Economic Development
  3. (c) Sustainability: Governance, Finance and International Cooperation
  4. (d) Development: Infrastructure, Technology and Social Transformation
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Transformations: Vision, Voices and Values for Sustainable Development

World Sustainable Development Summit 2026
The 25th (Silver Jubilee) edition of TERI'sWorld Sustainable Development Summit (WSDS) 2026, held in New Delhi in February 2026, was themed'Transformations: Vision, Voices and Values for Sustainable Development'.
• TERI press release: 'From Vision to Action: TERI's WSDS Turns 25, Set to Champion Transformations for Sustainable Development'.
• Official WSDS 2026 inaugural session titled 'Transformations through Vision, Voices and Values for Sustainable Development'.
Correct Answer: Transformations: Vision, Voices and Values for Sustainable Development
Awards and Honours - Current · International awards - current

Q6. Which scientist from the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) received the IEEE SA Standards Medallion Award in 2025 for contributions to rural broadband standards and solutions?

  1. (a) Sam Pitroda
  2. (b) Rajkumar Upadhyay
  3. (c) Sandeep Kumar Agrawal
  4. (d) A. S. Kiran Kumar
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Sandeep Kumar Agrawal

IEEE SA Standards Medallion Award — C-DOT Scientist
In the 2025 IEEE Standards Association (IEEE SA) awards,C-DOT (Centre for Development of Telematics)won recognitions for its rural broadband work; the individualStandards Medallion Awardfor contributions to rural broadband standards and solutions was received by C-DOT scientistSandeep Kumar Agrawal, while C-DOT itself separately won the IEEE SA Corporate Award 2025.
• News on Air / Communications Today (Dec 2025): C-DOT wins IEEE SA Corporate Award 2025; Orissa Diary reports C-DOT received two awards at the IEEE SA ceremony.
• IEEE Standards Association profile lists 'Sandeep Agrawal' among IEEE SA contributors from C-DOT.
Correct Answer: Sandeep Kumar Agrawal
National Affairs and Government Initiatives · National events and launches

Q7. In October 2025, which severe cyclonic storm made landfall on India’s east coast, forcing the evacuation of tens of thousands of people from coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha?

  1. (a) Cyclone Ditwah
  2. (b) Cyclone Shakti
  3. (c) Cyclone Remal
  4. (d) Cyclone Montha
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Cyclone Montha

Cyclone Montha (October 2025)
Cyclone Montha, a severe cyclonic storm, made landfall on India's east coast (Andhra Pradesh/Yanam coast) around 28-29 October 2025, prompting large-scale evacuations across coastal Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.
• News on Air: 'Cyclone Montha makes landfall in Andhra Pradesh, IMD issues widespread red alerts' (Oct 28, 2025).
• News on Air: 'Cyclone Montha crosses Andhra and Yanam coasts, 43,000 hectares of crops damaged' (Oct 29, 2025).
Correct Answer: Cyclone Montha
International Affairs and Summits · International organisations - current

Q8. Which international organization has partnered with the Government of India to launch the eight-year Country Strategic Opportunities Programme (COSOP) from 2026 to 2033 to strengthen rural economy?

  1. (a) World Bank
  2. (b) International Fund for Agricultural Development
  3. (c) Asian Development Bank
  4. (d) International Monetary Fund
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) International Fund for Agricultural Development

IFAD-India COSOP (2026-2033)
TheInternational Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)partnered with the Government of India to launch an eight-yearCountry Strategic Opportunities Programme (COSOP), 2026-2033, to expand investments and strengthen the rural economy.
• IFAD.org: 'IFAD and Government of India launch eight-year roadmap to expand investments and scale incomes in rural areas'.
• PIB press release confirms the India-IFAD COSOP 2026-2033 launch.
Correct Answer: International Fund for Agricultural Development
Books, Obituaries and Days - Current · Days and themes - current year

Q9. What was the official designated theme for the National Voters' Day celebrated across India in 2026?

  1. (a) No Voter to be Left Behind
  2. (b) Nothing Like Voting, I Vote for Sure
  3. (c) Making Elections Inclusive and Accessible
  4. (d) My India, My Vote
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) My India, My Vote

National Voters' Day 2026 Theme
National Voters' Day, observed on 25 January 2026 (16th NVD), carried the official theme'My India, My Vote'.
• PIB document title: 'National Voters' Day 2026 My India, My Vote 24 January, 2026 Key Takeaways'.
• India TV News (Jan 25, 2026): 'National Voters Day 2026: PM Modi ... voting theme'.
Correct Answer: My India, My Vote
National Affairs and Government Initiatives · National events and launches

Q10. Which wearable facility name had been launched in February 2026 by Union Minister of Minority Affairs Kiren Rijiju to assist Haj pilgrims during the Haj pilgrimage?

  1. (a) Haj Suvidha Smart Wristbands
  2. (b) Pilgrim Assistance Tracker
  3. (c) Haj Digital Travel Card
  4. (d) Haj Safety Identity Band
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Haj Suvidha Smart Wristbands

Haj Suvidha Smart Wristbands
Union Minister of Minority AffairsKiren Rijijulaunched'Haj Suvidha Smart Wristbands'in February 2026 as a wearable tech facility to track and assist Haj pilgrims from India during Haj 2026, part of a mandatory smart-wristband initiative for all Indian pilgrims.
• Free Press Journal: 'Smart Wristbands For All Indian Pilgrims? Haj Committee's New 2026 Guidelines Makes Wearable Tech Mandatory'.
• Coastal Digest / TMV: 'Tech-enabled Haj 2026: India to equip all pilgrims with smart wristbands', training conducted in February 2026.
Correct Answer: Haj Suvidha Smart Wristbands
Defence and Security - Current · Defence acquisitions and indigenous systems

Q11. With which organization did Hindustan Aeronautics Limited sign a key technology agreement to jointly manufacture advanced jet engines in April 2026?

  1. (a) Northrop Grumman
  2. (b) Raytheon Technologies
  3. (c) GE Aerospace
  4. (d) Lockheed Martin
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) GE Aerospace

HAL–GE Aerospace Jet Engine Agreement
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)signed a key technology agreement withGE Aerospaceon 15 April 2026 to jointly manufacture advanced fighter jet engines (F414) in India, boosting indigenous fighter aircraft (Tejas) production.
• GE.com press release: 'GE Aerospace signs MOU with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited to produce fighter jet engines for Indian Air Force'.
• Business Standard / Bloomberg (April 15, 2026): 'HAL, GE sign tech deal to jointly make jet engines'.
Correct Answer: GE Aerospace
State News · State schemes and events

Q12. Which expressway had been inaugurated in April 2026 in Hardoi, Uttar Pradesh as a 594-km long access-controlled greenfield expressway?

  1. (a) Bundelkhand Expressway
  2. (b) Yamuna Expressway
  3. (c) Ganga Expressway
  4. (d) Purvanchal Expressway
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Ganga Expressway

Ganga Expressway Inauguration
PM Modi inaugurated the 594-km long access-controlled greenfieldGanga Expresswayin Hardoi, Uttar Pradesh, in April 2026.
• PM India website: 'PM Inaugurates 594-km long Access-Controlled Greenfield Ganga Expressway in Hardoi, Uttar Pradesh'.
• The Week / Construction Week India (April 29-30, 2026) coverage of the inauguration.
Correct Answer: Ganga Expressway

Q13. Which author released the book, Karuna: The Power of Compassion, in March 2026?

  1. (a) Rajdeep Sardesai
  2. (b) Kailash Satyarthi
  3. (c) Devdutt Pattanaik
  4. (d) Ruskin Bond
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Kailash Satyarthi

'Karuna: The Power of Compassion'
Nobel LaureateKailash Satyarthireleased his book'Karuna: The Power of Compassion'in March 2026 in New Delhi.
• Drishti IAS: 'Nobel Laureate Kailash Satyarthi Releases Book'.
• BrightEdge / Kitaab (March 2026): 'Nobel Laureate Kailash Satyarthi Releases Karuna: The Power of Compassion in New Delhi'.
Correct Answer: Kailash Satyarthi
Economy, Banking and Business · RBI and banking updates

Q14. The grievance redressal campaign launched by the Reserve Bank of India in January 2026 was associated with which mechanism?

  1. (a) Monetary Policy Framework
  2. (b) Prompt Corrective Action Framework
  3. (c) Integrated Ombudsman Scheme
  4. (d) Credit Authorisation Mechanism
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Integrated Ombudsman Scheme

RBI Grievance Redressal Campaign (January 2026)
In January 2026, the Reserve Bank of India issued the revisedReserve Bank - Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS), 2026, streamlining grievance redressal for customers of banks and other regulated entities under a single, integrated mechanism.
• Vision IAS (Jan 17, 2026): 'RBI issued Reserve Bank - Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS), 2026'.
• Vinod Kothari Consultants: 'RBI Integrated Ombudsman Scheme 2026 – Key Changes'.
Correct Answer: Integrated Ombudsman Scheme
Awards and Honours - Current · National awards - current

Q15. Who among the following personalities from Puducherry was awarded the Padma Shri in May 2026 in the field of Sports?

  1. (a) Shri R. Venkatesan
  2. (b) Shri M. Dhanapal
  3. (c) Shri S. Rajasekar
  4. (d) Shri K Pajanivel
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Shri K Pajanivel

Padma Shri 2026 (Sports) — Puducherry
Shri K. Pajanivelfrom Puducherry was conferred the Padma Shri in 2026 for his contribution to traditional martial arts (Sports category), announced with the Padma Awards list on 25 January 2026 and conferred at the investiture ceremony in May 2026.
• News on Air (Jan 25, 2026): 'K Pajanivel conferred with Padma Shri for traditional martial arts'.
Correct Answer: Shri K Pajanivel
Sports - Current · Cricket - current

Q16. In which of the following Indian cities was the final of the ICC Men’s T20 World Cup 2026 played, where India defeated New Zealand to become the first team to win three titles?

  1. (a) Kolkata
  2. (b) Chennai
  3. (c) Mumbai
  4. (d) Ahmedabad
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Ahmedabad

ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2026 Final
The final of theICC Men's T20 World Cup 2026was played inAhmedabad(Narendra Modi Stadium) on 8 March 2026, where India defeated New Zealand by 96 runs to become the first team to win three T20 World Cup titles.
• News on Air (March 8, 2026): 'India to take on New Zealand in ICC Men's T20 World Cup Final in Ahmedabad today'.
• Al Jazeera: 'T20 World Cup final: India defeat New Zealand by 96 runs for third title'.
• ESPNcricinfo scorecard confirms venue as Ahmedabad.
Correct Answer: Ahmedabad
Sports - Current · Olympics, Asian Games and Commonwealth Games - current

Q17. “IT’s Your Vibe” was unveiled as the official motto of which international sporting event held in 2026?

  1. (a) 2026 Winter Olympics
  2. (b) FIFA World Cup 2026
  3. (c) Commonwealth Games 2026
  4. (d) Asian Games 2026
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 2026 Winter Olympics

Milano Cortina 2026 Motto
'IT's Your Vibe'was unveiled as the official motto of the2026 Winter Olympics(Milano Cortina 2026), embodying energy, passion and human connection.
• Olympics.com: 'Milano Cortina 2026 unveils official motto: IT's Your Vibe'.
• Paralympic.org confirms the same motto for the Winter Games.
Correct Answer: 2026 Winter Olympics
Defence and Security - Current · Military exercises - current

Q18. In February 2026, which national strategic framework guided the high-level Operations Conclave hosted by the Headquarters Western Air Command to enhance collaboration among the Indian armed forces?

  1. (a) All Domain Joint Operations
  2. (b) Theater Command Decentralization
  3. (c) Integrated Coastal Defense
  4. (d) Network Centric Cyber Warfare
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) All Domain Joint Operations

Western Air Command Operations Conclave (Feb 2026)
In February 2026, Headquarters Western Air Command hosted a high-level Joint Operations Conclave under theAll Domain Joint Operations (ADJO) 2026framework, aimed at strengthening intra- and inter-service interoperability among the Indian armed forces.
• PIB press release: 'Western Air Command Hosts High-Level Joint Operations Conclave: All Domain Joint Operations (ADJO) Exercise 2026 Framework'.
• News on Air (Feb 6, 2026): 'Western Air Command conducts two-day Joint Operations Conclave'.
Correct Answer: All Domain Joint Operations
Defence and Security - Current · Defence acquisitions and indigenous systems

Q19. Which of the following advanced payload delivery technologies was successfully validated by India during the May 2026 flight-test of the Advanced Agni missile from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha?

  1. (a) Electro-Optical Wire-Guided Sub-Munition
  2. (b) Multiple Independently Targeted Re-entry Vehicle
  3. (c) Atmospheric Liquid Ramjet Sustained Booster
  4. (d) Hypersonic Glide Non-Separable Warhead
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Multiple Independently Targeted Re-entry Vehicle

Advanced Agni Missile MIRV Test (May 2026)
On 8 May 2026, India successfully flight-tested an Advanced Agni missile with aMultiple Independently Targeted Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV)system from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha, validating the ability to deliver multiple payloads to spatially distributed targets.
• DRDO official statement (via X/Twitter, May 8, 2026) and Ministry of Defence (RMO India) confirm the MIRV test.
• ANI News (May 9, 2026): 'India successfully tests Agni missile with MIRV system'.
Correct Answer: Multiple Independently Targeted Re-entry Vehicle

Biology (7)

Diseases, Immunity and Health · Lifestyle and non-communicable diseases

Q20. When the regulatory mechanisms controlling cell growth fail, cells begin to divide uncontrollably, leading to the formation of __________.

  1. (a) Cell inclusions
  2. (b) Tumours
  3. (c) Vacuoles
  4. (d) Organ systems
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Tumours

Uncontrolled Cell Division
When the mechanisms that normally regulate cell growth and division fail, cells lose control over their division rate and start dividing uncontrollably.
This uncontrolled, abnormal mass of cell growth is called atumour. Tumours may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Correct Answer: Tumours
Diversity and Classification of Living Organisms · Basis and hierarchy of classification

Q21. In the biological taxonomic hierarchy, which taxonomic rank is determined last when classifying a newly discovered plant?

  1. (a) Genus
  2. (b) Family
  3. (c) Species
  4. (d) Order
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Species

Taxonomic Hierarchy
The taxonomic hierarchy proceeds from broad to specific: Kingdom → Phylum/Division → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.
When classifying a newly discovered organism, broader categories (like Order, Family, Genus) can often be assigned based on general similarities early on, butSpecies— being the most specific and precise rank — is determined last, after detailed study.
Correct Answer: Species
Plant Physiology and Morphology · Transport in plants (xylem, phloem)

Q22. Water moves from the soil into the root hair cells mainly due to which of the following processes?

  1. (a) Transpiration
  2. (b) Osmosis
  3. (c) Diffusion
  4. (d) Active transport
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Osmosis

Water Uptake by Root Hairs
Root hair cells have a higher solute concentration (lower water potential) than the surrounding soil water. Water moves from the region of higher water concentration (soil) to lower water concentration (root hair cell sap) through a semi-permeable membrane.
This movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane is calledosmosis.
Correct Answer: Osmosis
Tissues · Epithelial tissue

Q23. Epithelial tissues act as the covering or protective layers in animals. Which of the following is NOT a location where you would find epithelial tissue?

  1. (a) Kidney tubules
  2. (b) Inside of a bone
  3. (c) Lining of the mouth
  4. (d) Skin
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Inside of a bone

Epithelial Tissue Locations
Epithelial tissue forms covering/lining/protective layers — found in skin (outer covering), lining of the mouth, and kidney tubules (lining the tubule walls).
Theinside of a boneis composed of connective tissue (bone tissue, bone marrow), not epithelial tissue. Hence this is NOT a location of epithelial tissue.
Correct Answer: Inside of a bone
Ecology and Environment · Food chains and food webs

Q24. The difference between a food chain and a food web is that:

  1. (a) food chains exist in aquatic ecosystems, while food webs are only in terrestrial ecosystems
  2. (b) a food chain represents a single linear pathway, while a food web shows interconnected feeding relationships
  3. (c) a food chain always involves decomposers, while food webs do not
  4. (d) energy transfer efficiency is higher in food chains than in food webs
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) a food chain represents a single linear pathway, while a food web shows interconnected feeding relationships

Food Chain vs Food Web
Afood chainis a single, linear sequence of organisms through which energy/nutrients pass (e.g., grass → deer → tiger).
Afood webis a network of many interconnected food chains, showing the complex feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem.
Correct Answer: a food chain represents a single linear pathway, while a food web shows interconnected feeding relationships
Control and Coordination · Spinal cord and reflex action

Q25. Why is consciously thinking before withdrawing the hand from a hot object considered inefficient?

  1. (a) The brain cannot receive incoming sensory signals sent directly from the skin.
  2. (b) Muscles cannot respond to signals sent by the brain during dangerous events.
  3. (c) Nerve impulses travel only from the body muscles directly back to the brain.
  4. (d) Thinking involves time taking complex interactions of many nerve impulses.
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Thinking involves time taking complex interactions of many nerve impulses.

Reflex Action vs Conscious Thought
Withdrawing the hand from a hot object is areflex action— controlled by the spinal cord, bypassing conscious brain processing for a rapid protective response.
Consciously thinking about the response would require the sensory signal to travel to the brain, be processed through complex neural pathways, and a motor signal to travel back — a much slower, time-consuming process compared to a direct reflex arc, making it inefficient/dangerous in urgent situations.
Correct Answer: Thinking involves time taking complex interactions of many nerve impulses.

Q26. Which product is formed during anaerobic respiration in human muscles?

  1. (a) Water
  2. (b) Lactic acid
  3. (c) Carbon dioxide
  4. (d) Ethanol
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Lactic acid

Anaerobic Respiration in Muscles
During vigorous exercise, when oxygen supply to muscles is insufficient, muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, breaking down glucose incompletely intolactic acid, causing muscle fatigue/cramps.
(This differs from anaerobic respiration in yeast, which produces ethanol and CO₂.)
Correct Answer: Lactic acid

Chemistry (7)

Structure of Atom · Atomic number and mass number

Q27. An atom of element Y has an atomic mass of 20 u. If another atom of Y has two more neutrons but the same number of protons, what will be its atomic mass?

  1. (a) 24 u
  2. (b) 20 u
  3. (c) 22 u
  4. (d) 18 u
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 22 u

Isotopes and Atomic Mass
Atomic mass (mass number) = number of protons + number of neutrons.
Original atom of Y has atomic mass 20 u. A second atom (an isotope, since it has the same number of protons) has 2 more neutrons.
New atomic mass = 20 + 2 =22 u.
Correct Answer: 22 u
Atoms, Molecules and Mole Concept · Laws of chemical combination

Q28. Which observation would show a violation of the law of conservation of mass in a closed system?

  1. (a) A white precipitate forms after mixing solutions
  2. (b) The color of the solution changes after reaction
  3. (c) The mass of the products is less than the mass of the reactants
  4. (d) The temperature of the system increases
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) The mass of the products is less than the mass of the reactants

Law of Conservation of Mass
In a closed system, the law of conservation of mass states that total mass of reactants must equal total mass of products — no matter is lost.
If the observed mass of products isless thanthe mass of reactants in a closed system, that would directly contradict/violate this law (mass changes due to colour change or temperature rise do not violate mass conservation).
Correct Answer: The mass of the products is less than the mass of the reactants
Chemistry Miscellaneous · Laboratory apparatus and chemical tests

Q29. What visible change occurs when bromine water is added to ethene?

  1. (a) The solution turns blue after addition reaction
  2. (b) A white precipitate forms in the water after addition reaction
  3. (c) The bromine water remains orange after reaction
  4. (d) The bromine water changes from orange to colorless
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) The bromine water changes from orange to colorless

Bromine Water Test for Unsaturation
Ethene (an unsaturated hydrocarbon with a C=C double bond) reacts with bromine water in anaddition reaction, adding Br atoms across the double bond to form 1,2-dibromoethane.
The orange colour of bromine water is discharged as it reacts, so the bromine waterturns from orange to colourless. This is a standard test to distinguish saturated from unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Correct Answer: The bromine water changes from orange to colorless
Mixtures, Solutions and Separation · Separation techniques (distillation, chromatography, centrifugation, crystallisation)

Q30. Which of the following statements about centrifugation is INCORRECT?

  1. (a) Centrifugation can be applied in laboratory to separate the components of blood.
  2. (b) Centrifugation is used for separating components of different densities in a mixture.
  3. (c) Centrifugation involves spinning a mixture at high speed to separate its components.
  4. (d) Only solid mixtures with similar particle sizes can be separated by centrifugation.
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Only solid mixtures with similar particle sizes can be separated by centrifugation.

Centrifugation — Identifying the Incorrect Statement
Centrifugation separates components of a mixture based on differences indensity(not particle size), by spinning the mixture at high speed. It is used for both liquid-liquid mixtures (e.g., cream from milk) and solid-liquid mixtures (e.g., blood components).
The statement 'Only solid mixtures with similar particle sizes can be separated by centrifugation' isincorrect— centrifugation works on density differences and is not restricted to solids of similar particle size.
Correct Answer: Only solid mixtures with similar particle sizes can be separated by centrifugation.
Acids, Bases and Salts · Indicators (natural, synthetic, olfactory)

Q31. What is the reason for the colour change of phenolphthalein after adding an acid to a basic solution?

  1. (a) The solution is diluted
  2. (b) The solution becomes neutral or acidic
  3. (c) The temperature increases
  4. (d) The solution evaporates
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) The solution becomes neutral or acidic

Phenolphthalein Colour Change
Phenolphthalein is pink in basic solutions and colourless in neutral or acidic solutions.
When acid is added to a basic solution containing phenolphthalein, the acid neutralizes the base; as the solution becomes neutral (and then acidic with excess acid), the indicator turns colourless.
Correct Answer: The solution becomes neutral or acidic
Metals and Non-metals · Metallurgy - extraction and refining

Q32. Which of the following metals is extracted by electrolysis due to its position at the top of the activity series?

  1. (a) Copper
  2. (b) Sodium
  3. (c) Zinc
  4. (d) Iron
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Sodium

Extraction of Reactive Metals
Metals at the top of the reactivity series (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al) are highly reactive and cannot be extracted by simple reduction with carbon; they are extracted byelectrolysisof their molten compounds.
Among the given options,Sodiumis the most reactive and top of the activity series, extracted via electrolysis (e.g., of molten NaCl).
Correct Answer: Sodium
Metals and Non-metals · Corrosion and its prevention (galvanisation, etc.)

Q33. Why is corrosion considered economically harmful to metallic structures and machinery?

  1. (a) It weakens metals and reduces durability
  2. (b) It improves surface appearance
  3. (c) It enhances metal conductivity
  4. (d) It increases metal reactivity
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) It weakens metals and reduces durability

Economic Impact of Corrosion
Corrosion is the gradual deterioration of metals due to reaction with environmental agents (oxygen, moisture, acids). It eats away the metal surface,weakening structures and reducing their durability and lifespan, leading to costly repairs/replacement of machinery, bridges, pipelines, etc.
Correct Answer: It weakens metals and reduces durability

Physics (10)

Light - Refraction and Lenses · Convex lens - image formation and uses

Q34. A person wants to project a magnified real image of a small object onto a screen using a convex lens. Where should the object be placed relative to the lens?

  1. (a) At twice the focal length from the lens
  2. (b) Between the lens and its principal focus
  3. (c) At the principal focus of the lens
  4. (d) Between the focus and twice the focal length from the lens
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Between the focus and twice the focal length from the lens

Convex Lens — Magnified Real Image
For a convex lens, a magnified real image on a screen is formed when the object is placedbetween F and 2F(the image then forms beyond 2F on the other side, magnified and real).
• Object at 2F → image at 2F, same size, real, inverted
• Object between F and 2F → image beyond 2F, magnified, real, inverted
• Object at F → image at infinity
• Object between lens and F → virtual, magnified image (not projectable on a screen)
Correct Answer: Between the focus and twice the focal length from the lens
Force and Laws of Motion · Newton's first law and inertia

Q35. When a motorcar makes a sharp turn at a high speed, the passengers tend to get thrown to one side. This can be explained using which of the following laws?

  1. (a) Newton’s Law of Gravitation
  2. (b) Law of static friction
  3. (c) Law of Conservation of Momentum
  4. (d) Newton’s First Law of Motion
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Newton’s First Law of Motion

Inertia in a Turning Car
When a car makes a sharp turn, the passengers' bodies tend to continue moving in a straight line due toinertia of motion, causing them to be thrown to one side (opposite to the direction of the turn).
This is explained byNewton's First Law of Motion(the law of inertia): a body continues in its state of motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Correct Answer: Newton's First Law of Motion
Work, Energy and Power · Numericals on work, energy and power

Q36. For the same amount of work, the time taken by Machine A is one-half that of Machine B. What is the ratio of the power of Machine A to that of Machine B?

  1. (a) 1 : 2
  2. (b) 2 : 1
  3. (c) 1 : 1
  4. (d) 4 : 1
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 2 : 1

Power Ratio
Power = Work / Time. For the same amount of work W:
• Time taken by A, t_A = (1/2) t_B
• P_A = W / t_A, P_B = W / t_B
• P_A / P_B = t_B / t_A = t_B / (t_B/2) = 2
So the ratio of power of A to B is2 : 1.
Correct Answer: 2 : 1
Light - Refraction and Lenses · Numericals on refraction and lenses

Q37. Two lenses, one converging with focal length 12 cm and one diverging with focal length −18 cm, are placed in contact. What is the combined focal length of this lens system?

  1. (a) 7.2 cm
  2. (b) 36 cm
  3. (c) 8 cm
  4. (d) 16 cm
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 36 cm

Combined Focal Length of Lenses in Contact
For two thin lenses in contact, the combined power (and hence 1/f) adds algebraically:
• 1/f = 1/f₁ + 1/f₂ = 1/12 + 1/(−18)
• 1/f = 1/12 − 1/18 = (3 − 2)/36 = 1/36
• f = 36 cm
Correct Answer: 36 cm
Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Current · Magnetic field due to current (Oersted, right-hand thumb rule)

Q38. During an experiment, a student applies the Right Hand Thumb Rule to a vertical wire with current flowing upward. What is the direction of the magnetic field at a point directly east of the wire?

  1. (a) The magnetic field points towards the south at that point
  2. (b) The magnetic field points towards the west at that point
  3. (c) The magnetic field points towards the east at that point
  4. (d) The magnetic field points towards the north at that point
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) The magnetic field points towards the north at that point

Right Hand Thumb Rule
Point the right thumb in the direction of current flow (upward, along the wire). The curled fingers show the direction of the magnetic field lines circling the wire.
Taking up as the current direction, and setting East as +x and North as +y: the magnetic field direction at a point is given by (current direction) × (radial direction to the point). At a point due East of the wire, this cross product pointsNorth.
(Physically: viewed from above looking down along the current, the field circulates counter-clockwise; at the East side of the wire this circulation direction is Northward.)
Correct Answer: The magnetic field points towards the north at that point
Light - Refraction and Lenses · Numericals on refraction and lenses

Q39. A convex lens forms a virtual image 15 cm on the same side as the object when the object is placed 10 cm from the lens. What is the focal length of the lens?

  1. (a) + 30 cm
  2. (b) −10 cm
  3. (c) −30 cm
  4. (d) + 10 cm
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) + 30 cm

Focal Length from Virtual Image Data
A virtual image on the same side as the object (formed by a convex lens acting as a magnifying glass) means both object and image distances are negative in the standard sign convention.
• u = −10 cm, v = −15 cm
• 1/f = 1/v − 1/u = 1/(−15) − 1/(−10) = −1/15 + 1/10 = 1/30
• f = +30 cm
A positive focal length confirms this is a converging (convex) lens, consistent with a magnified virtual image being formed.
Correct Answer: + 30 cm
Sources of Energy · Solar energy and solar cells

Q40. A solar panel in India is exposed to sunlight under clear sky conditions. Which electromagnetic spectrum segment delivers the Sun's greatest energy to a solar panel in India for electricity generation?

  1. (a) Infrared radiation
  2. (b) Gamma rays
  3. (c) Ultraviolet light
  4. (d) Visible light
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Visible light

Solar Energy Spectrum
The Sun's radiation reaching Earth's surface is dominated by thevisible lightportion of the electromagnetic spectrum, which carries the greatest fraction of solar energy (with the remainder mostly in infrared and a small part UV).
Solar panels are designed primarily to capture this visible-light-dominant energy for electricity generation.
Correct Answer: Visible light
Work, Energy and Power · Work and its sign

Q41. When lifting an object upwards, the work done by the force of gravity is considered negative because _____________.

  1. (a) Force of gravity only does positive work on falling objects
  2. (b) The object is displaced upward, opposite to the downward force of gravity
  3. (c) The force of gravity is constant
  4. (d) The net force on the object is zero
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) The object is displaced upward, opposite to the downward force of gravity

Work Done Against Gravity
Work done = Force × displacement × cos(θ), where θ is the angle between force and displacement.
When lifting an object, the displacement is upward while the force of gravity acts downward — these are in opposite directions (θ = 180°), making cos(θ) = −1, so the work done by gravity isnegative.
Correct Answer: The object is displaced upward, opposite to the downward force of gravity
Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Current · Solenoid and electromagnet

Q42. Why are field lines inside a solenoid described as parallel straight lines?

  1. (a) Because the magnetic field is the same at all points inside, indicating uniformity
  2. (b) Because the solenoid is very short in length
  3. (c) Because parallel lines suggest the field varies greatly
  4. (d) Because the current changes direction rapidly
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Because the magnetic field is the same at all points inside, indicating uniformity

Magnetic Field Inside a Solenoid
Inside a current-carrying solenoid, the magnetic field lines are parallel to the axis and equally spaced, indicating that the magnetic field has thesame magnitude and direction at every point inside— i.e., it is uniform.
Correct Answer: Because the magnetic field is the same at all points inside, indicating uniformity
Motion · Numericals on motion

Q43. A car travels 150 kilometers in 3 hours. What is the average speed of the car, and what is the correct unit for this quantity?

  1. (a) 0.02 kilometers per hour
  2. (b) 150 kilometers per hour
  3. (c) 50 kilometers per minute
  4. (d) 50 kilometers per hour
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) 50 kilometers per hour

Average Speed Calculation
Average speed = Total distance / Total time = 150 km / 3 h =50 km/h.
The correct unit for speed is distance per unit time — kilometers per hour, matching option 4.
Correct Answer: 50 kilometers per hour
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