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Delhi Police Constable 2025-26 29 December 2025 Shift 2 GK Questions – with answers & solutions

All 49 GK / GS questions asked in Delhi Police Constable 2025-26 on 29 December 2025 Shift 2, with correct answers and short solutions, subject-wise: Biology, Chemistry, Static GK, Ancient History, Economics, Geography.

📚 49 questions🗓️ 29 December 2025⏰ Shift 2
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Subjects: Biology (3) · Chemistry (1) · Static GK (13) · Ancient History (4) · Economics (11) · Geography (7) · Physics (1) · Current Affairs (6) · Modern History (3)

Biology (3)

Ecology and Environment · Energy flow and ecological pyramids

Q1. What is the primary source of energy for all living organisms on Earth?

  1. (a) The Moon
  2. (b) Volcanoes
  3. (c) The Sun
  4. (d) Ocean tides
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) The Sun

The Sun is the primary source of energy for all living organisms. Through photosynthesis, plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which then flows through food chains to all other organisms. Without the Sun's energy, virtually no life would be possible on Earth.
(a) Incorrect: The Moon reflects sunlight but is not a primary energy source for life.
(b) Incorrect: Volcanoes provide geothermal energy, but this is not the primary source for most life.
(d) Incorrect: Ocean tides are driven by gravitational forces, not a primary energy source for organisms.
Human Physiology - Respiration, Circulation and Excretion · Excretory system - kidney and nephron

Q2. In the nephron, the peritubular capillaries are primarily associated with which process?

  1. (a) Filtration
  2. (b) Reabsorption
  3. (c) Assimilation
  4. (d) Excretion
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Reabsorption

The peritubular capillaries surround the renal tubules of the nephron and are primarily involved in reabsorption — the process by which useful substances (glucose, amino acids, water, salts) are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. They also play a role in secretion of waste products.
(a) Incorrect: Filtration occurs at the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, not at the peritubular capillaries.
(c) Incorrect: Assimilation refers to the body's use of absorbed nutrients; it is not a nephron-specific process.
(d) Incorrect: Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes; peritubular capillaries specifically mediate reabsorption.
Human Physiology - Respiration, Circulation and Excretion · Excretory system - kidney and nephron

Q3. The collecting ducts of the nephron eventually drain into which structure?

  1. (a) Renal pelvis
  2. (b) Glomerulus
  3. (c) Ureter
  4. (d) Bowman's capsule
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Renal pelvis

The collecting ducts converge and drain into the renal pelvis (the funnel-shaped cavity at the centre of the kidney). From the renal pelvis, urine passes into the ureter, then the urinary bladder, and finally out through the urethra. The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are involved in filtration, not urine collection.
(b) Incorrect: Glomerulus is a capillary cluster involved in filtration of blood at the start of nephron function.
(c) Incorrect: The ureter connects the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder; collecting ducts drain into the pelvis first.
(d) Incorrect: Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus and collects the initial filtrate, not the final urine from collecting ducts.

Chemistry (1)

Environmental Chemistry · Air pollutants and their sources

Q4. Which international organisation sets the global guidelines for air quality standards?

  1. (a) World Health Organization (WHO)
  2. (b) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
  3. (c) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
  4. (d) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) World Health Organization (WHO)

The World Health Organization (WHO) sets global air quality guidelines. WHO's Air Quality Guidelines provide targets for key pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, ozone, NO2, SO2, and CO to help countries reduce health risks from air pollution worldwide.
(b) Incorrect: UNEP deals with broader environmental policy but does not set air quality standards.
(c) Incorrect: IPCC assesses climate change science; it does not set air quality guidelines.
(d) Incorrect: FAO focuses on food and agriculture, not air quality standards.

Static GK (13)

Dances · Classical dances and their states

Q5. Which of the following classical dance forms is traditionally associated with Thumri, a light classical music genre?

  1. (a) Kathak
  2. (b) Bharatanatyam
  3. (c) Odissi
  4. (d) Mohiniyattam
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Kathak

Kathak is closely associated with Thumri, a semi-classical vocal genre originating in North India. Kathak incorporates both Hindu devotional themes and Mughal court influences. The dance is known for its intricate footwork, spins ( chakkar ), and emotive expressions (abhinaya), often performed to Thumri compositions.
(b) Incorrect: Bharatanatyam originates from Tamil Nadu and is associated with Carnatic music, not Thumri.
(c) Incorrect: Odissi is an East Indian form associated with Odissi music, not Thumri.
(d) Incorrect: Mohiniyattam is a Kerala classical form with its own distinct musical tradition.
Dances · Classical dances and their states

Q6. Which classical dance form incorporates the ' Tarangam ' technique, where the dancer balances on the rim of a brass plate?

  1. (a) Kuchipudi
  2. (b) Bharatanatyam
  3. (c) Odissi
  4. (d) Kathak
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Kuchipudi

Kuchipudi is the classical dance form that incorporates the ' Tarangam ' technique. In this unique performance, the dancer stands on the rim of a brass plate and dances while balancing a pot of water on their head. Kuchipudi originates from Andhra Pradesh and blends dance, drama, and music seamlessly.
(b) Incorrect: Bharatanatyam does not feature the Tarangam technique.
(c) Incorrect: Odissi is from Odisha and does not use the brass plate technique.
(d) Incorrect: Kathak is a North Indian form without the Tarangam element.
Festivals, Fairs, Paintings and Crafts · Festivals by state

Q7. Which festival in Tamil Nadu involves a grand display of lamps lit on the full moon day of the Tamil month of Karthigai?

  1. (a) Karthigai Deepam
  2. (b) Thai Pongal
  3. (c) Tamil Puthandu
  4. (d) Thaipusam
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Karthigai Deepam

Karthigai Deepam is a festival of lights celebrated in Tamil Nadu on the full moon day of the Tamil month of Karthigai (November-December). A massive lamp (Bharani Deepam) is lit on the hilltop of Arunachala at Tiruvannamalai, symbolising the victory of light over darkness.
(b) Incorrect: Thai Pongal is a harvest festival celebrated in the Tamil month of Thai (January).
(c) Incorrect: Tamil Puthandu is the Tamil New Year celebrated on April 14.
(d) Incorrect: Thaipusam is a festival dedicated to Lord Murugan, celebrated in the month of Thai.
Books and Authors · International books and authors

Q8. Hilary Mantel's Thomas Cromwell trilogy includes which of the following novels?

  1. (a) Wolf Hall
  2. (b) Bring Up the Bodies
  3. (c) The Mirror and the Light
  4. (d) All of the above
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) All of the above

Hilary Mantel's Thomas Cromwell trilogy consists of: Wolf Hall (2009, Booker Prize winner), Bring Up the Bodies (2012, Booker Prize winner), and The Mirror and the Light (2020). All three novels trace the rise and fall of Thomas Cromwell, chief minister to King Henry VIII of England.
(a) Incorrect: Wolf Hall alone is only the first novel of the trilogy.
(b) Incorrect: Bring Up the Bodies alone is only the second novel.
(c) Incorrect: The Mirror and the Light alone is only the third novel.
Space, Defence and Technology · Indian space missions

Q9. The Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer ( SoLEXS ) onboard the Aditya-L1 mission operates in which energy range?

  1. (a) 0.1 – 1 keV
  2. (b) 2 – 22 keV
  3. (c) 50 – 100 keV
  4. (d) 100 – 1000 keV
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 2 – 22 keV

The SoLEXS (Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer) on Aditya-L1 is designed to monitor the Sun's soft X-ray emissions to study solar flares and their precursors. It operates in the soft X-ray range of approximately 2–22 keV as per the instrument specifications for solar activity monitoring.
(a) Incorrect: 0.1–1 keV is an extremely low energy range below SoLEXS's designed band.
(c) Incorrect: 50–100 keV is in the hard X-ray range, handled by HEL1OS on Aditya-L1.
(d) Incorrect: 100–1000 keV corresponds to gamma-ray energies, far beyond SoLEXS's range.
Books and Authors · Modern Indian books and authors

Q10. Which translator became the first to translate a Hindi-language novel that won the International Booker Prize?

  1. (a) Arunava Sinha
  2. (b) Daisy Rockwell
  3. (c) Deepa Bhasthi
  4. (d) Lakshmi Holmstrom
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Daisy Rockwell

Daisy Rockwell won the International Booker Prize 2022 for her English translation of Geetanjali Shree's Hindi novel 'Ret Samadhi' (Tomb of Sand). It was the first Hindi-language novel to win the International Booker Prize. Daisy Rockwell is an American writer, artist, and translator specialising in South Asian literature.
(a) Incorrect: Arunava Sinha is a well-known translator from Bengali, not the first Hindi-to-English Booker winner.
(c) Incorrect: Deepa Bhasthi is a Kannada-to-English translator; she won the 2025 International Booker for 'Tomb of Sand' is incorrectly attributed — it was Daisy Rockwell.
(d) Incorrect: Lakshmi Holmstrom was a Tamil-to-English translator and is not the International Booker Prize winner for Hindi.
Dances · Classical dances and their states

Q11. Which Indian classical dance form is renowned for highly stylised facial expressions ( Navarasas ) and elaborate costumes to convey stories from Hindu epics?

  1. (a) Kathak
  2. (b) Odissi
  3. (c) Kathakali
  4. (d) Manipuri
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Kathakali

Kathakali is a classical dance-drama from Kerala famous for its elaborate makeup, colourful costumes, and highly stylised facial expressions ( Navarasas — the nine emotions: love, humour , sorrow, anger, courage, fear, disgust, wonder, and peace). It narrates stories from the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Puranas.
(a) Incorrect: Kathak is a North Indian dance form known for footwork and spins, not the elaborate facial makeup of Kathakali.
(b) Incorrect: Odissi is an East Indian form with graceful movements and tribhangi postures, not known for elaborate facial paint.
(d) Incorrect: Manipuri is a gentle, lyrical dance from Manipur not known for Navarasas in elaborate painted makeup.
Organisations and Headquarters · India's foreign relations and connectivity projects

Q12. The 'Maitri Setu' (Friendship Bridge) was constructed over the Feni river, connecting India's Tripura with which neighbouring country?

  1. (a) Myanmar
  2. (b) Nepal
  3. (c) Bhutan
  4. (d) Bangladesh
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Bangladesh

Maitri Setu is a 1.9 km long bridge built over the Feni river, connecting Sabroom in Tripura (India) with Ramgarh in Bangladesh. It was inaugurated in March 2021 by PM Narendra Modi. The bridge facilitates trade and people-to-people connectivity between India and Bangladesh, and gives Tripura access to Chittagong Port.
(a) Incorrect: Myanmar borders Mizoram and Manipur; the Feni river bridge is not connected to Myanmar.
(b) Incorrect: Nepal is a landlocked country sharing borders with Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, etc., not Tripura.
(c) Incorrect: Bhutan borders Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and West Bengal; Maitri Setu is not connected to Bhutan.
Sports · Asian Games and Commonwealth Games

Q13. In which year did India win its first-ever gold medal in Kabaddi at the Asian Games?

  1. (a) 1986
  2. (b) 1990
  3. (c) 1994
  4. (d) 1998
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 1990

India won its first gold medal in Kabaddi at the 1990 Beijing Asian Games. Kabaddi was introduced as an official sport at the Asian Games for the first time in 1990. India has since won the gold medal in every Asian Games (men's category) making it an undefeated dynasty in Asian Games Kabaddi up to 2018.
(a) Incorrect: 1986 (Seoul Asian Games) did not include Kabaddi as an official event.
(c) Incorrect: 1994 (Hiroshima Asian Games) saw India win gold, but the first gold was in 1990.
(d) Incorrect: 1998 (Bangkok Asian Games) was not India's first Kabaddi gold; 1990 was.
Festivals, Fairs, Paintings and Crafts · Painting styles and schools

Q14. The iconic painting 'Bharat Mata' depicting a divine female figure holding a book, sheaves of grain, a rosary, and a white cloth was painted by?

  1. (a) Abanindranath Tagore
  2. (b) Asit Haldar
  3. (c) Nandalal Bose
  4. (d) Gaganendranath Tagore
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Abanindranath Tagore

'Bharat Mata' (Mother India) was painted by Abanindranath Tagore in 1905, inspired by the Swadeshi Movement. The painting shows India as a saffron-robed woman with four arms, holding: a book (education), sheaves of paddy (food), a garland ( honour ), and a white cloth (clothing). It became an iconic symbol of Indian nationalism.
(b) Incorrect: Asit Haldar was a student of Abanindranath Tagore and a Bengal School artist, not the painter of Bharat Mata.
(c) Incorrect: Nandalal Bose was another famous Bengal School painter but did not paint Bharat Mata.
(d) Incorrect: Gaganendranath Tagore was a modernist painter and Abanindranath's brother, not the painter of Bharat Mata.
Books and Authors · Modern Indian books and authors

Q15. The novel 'A Bend in the Ganges', which depicts the impact of India's partition and communal violence, was authored by?

  1. (a) Manohar Malgonkar
  2. (b) Bhabani Bhattacharya
  3. (c) B. Rajan
  4. (d) Shashi Deshpande
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Manohar Malgonkar

'A Bend in the Ganges' (1964) was written by Manohar Malgonkar, an Indian novelist known for his portrayal of colonial and post-independence India. The novel traces the lives of two friends with different ideological beliefs — one a follower of Gandhi, the other a revolutionary — against the backdrop of India's freedom struggle and the horrors of Partition.
(b) Incorrect: Bhabani Bhattacharya wrote 'So Many Hungers' (about the Bengal famine), not 'A Bend in the Ganges'.
(c) Incorrect: B. Rajan did not author this novel.
(d) Incorrect: Shashi Deshpande is known for novels like 'That Long Silence'; she did not write 'A Bend in the Ganges'.
Music and Musical Instruments · Carnatic music

Q16. Who is regarded as the 'Grand Theorist' of Carnatic music, credited with devising the Melakarta system of classifying ragas?

  1. (a) Muthuswami Dikshitar
  2. (b) Venkat Mukhi Swami ( Venkatamakhi )
  3. (c) Thyagaraja
  4. (d) Shyama Shastri
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Venkat Mukhi Swami ( Venkatamakhi )

Venkatamakhi (also called Venkat Mukhi Swami) is regarded as the Grand Theorist of Carnatic music. He devised the Melakarta system — a systematic classification of 72 parent ragas based on their musical structure — in his treatise ' Caturdandi Prakasika' (17th century). This system forms the theoretical foundation of Carnatic classical music.
(a) Incorrect: Muthuswami Dikshitar was one of the Trinity of Carnatic music, known as a composer, not primarily as the Melakarta theorist.
(c) Incorrect: Thyagaraja was a celebrated saint-composer (one of the Trinity) but not the theorist who devised the Melakarta system.
(d) Incorrect: Shyama Shastri was the third member of the Carnatic Trinity, known as a composer, not the grand theorist.
Books and Authors · International books and authors

Q17. Which novel by Nobel Laureate Abdulrazak Gurnah (Nobel Prize in Literature 2021) explores the effects of colonialism and its aftermath in East Africa?

  1. (a) Afterlives
  2. (b) Tomb of Sand
  3. (c) The Paradise of Food
  4. (d) Requiem in Raga Janki
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Afterlives

'Afterlives' (2020) by Abdulrazak Gurnah explores the legacy of colonialism in East Africa, set around the time of World War I and its aftermath. Gurnah, born in Zanzibar (Tanzania), was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature 2021 for his 'uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee.'
(b) Incorrect: 'Tomb of Sand' (Ret Samadhi) is a Hindi novel by Geetanjali Shree that won the International Booker Prize 2022, not a work by Gurnah.
(c) Incorrect: 'The Paradise of Food' is a novel by Khalid Jawed, not Abdulrazak Gurnah.
(d) Incorrect: 'Requiem in Raga Janki' is a novel by Vibha Rani, not by Abdulrazak Gurnah.

Ancient History (4)

Indus Valley Civilisation · Major sites and their locations

Q18. The ancient Indus Valley site of 'Lothal', famous for its dockyard and warehouse, is situated in which modern Indian state?

  1. (a) Rajasthan
  2. (b) Gujarat
  3. (c) Punjab
  4. (d) Haryana
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Gujarat

Lothal is an important Indus Valley Civilisation site located in the Ahmedabad district of Gujarat. It is famous for the world's earliest known dock, a large warehouse, and a structured drainage system. Lothal served as a major trade centre between the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia.
(a) Incorrect: Rajasthan has sites like Kalibangan, not Lothal.
(c) Incorrect: Punjab has sites like Harappa and Ropar, not Lothal.
(d) Incorrect: Haryana has sites like Rakhigarhi , not Lothal.
Indus Valley Civilisation · Economy, trade and seals

Q19. The people of the Indus Valley Civilisation are said to be among the first in the world to cultivate which crop?

  1. (a) Rice
  2. (b) Wheat
  3. (c) Cotton
  4. (d) Barley
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Cotton

The Indus Valley people were among the earliest in the world to cultivate cotton. Evidence from Mohenjo-daro shows cotton textiles dating to around 3000 BCE, making this civilisation pioneers in cotton production. Cotton found there is the oldest known evidence of cotton cultivation and use in the world.
(a) Incorrect: Rice was cultivated in eastern India (Gangetic plains) and China, not primarily by Indus Valley people.
(b) Incorrect: Wheat was grown in Mesopotamia and by Indus Valley people, but cotton is the hallmark first cultivation.
(d) Incorrect: Barley was also grown, but cotton represents their unique early contribution.
Ancient Art, Culture and Science · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q20. Which architectural style characterizes the temples of South India, featuring pyramidal 'Gopurams' (gateway towers) and elaborate sculptures?

  1. (a) Dravida
  2. (b) Arsha
  3. (c) Mandir
  4. (d) Purna
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Dravida

The Dravida style (Dravidian style) is the classical temple architecture of South India, characterised by pyramidal Gopurams (towering gateways), square-shaped sanctuaries (Garbhagriha), mandapams (pillared halls), and temple tanks within walled complexes. Famous examples include Brihadeeswarar Temple (Thanjavur), Meenakshi Amman Temple (Madurai), and Tirupati Venkateswara Temple.
(b) Incorrect: 'Arsha' is not a recognised Indian temple architectural style.
(c) Incorrect: 'Mandir' simply means temple in Hindi; it is not a specific architectural style.
(d) Incorrect: 'Purna' is not an established category of Indian temple architecture.
Sources and Prehistoric India · Palaeolithic Age

Q21. Which of the following UNESCO World Heritage Sites is famous for its prehistoric cave paintings dating back to approximately 30,000 years?

  1. (a) Ellora Caves
  2. (b) Bhimbetka Rock Shelters
  3. (c) Konark Sun Temple
  4. (d) Ajanta Caves
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Bhimbetka Rock Shelters

The Bhimbetka Rock Shelters in Madhya Pradesh are a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2003) containing some of the earliest known rock paintings in India, dating back to approximately 30,000 years. These shelters show evidence of continuous human habitation and depict scenes of hunting, dancing, and daily life of prehistoric people.
(a) Incorrect: Ellora Caves (UNESCO WHS) feature rock-cut temples dating from 600–1000 CE, not prehistoric paintings.
(c) Incorrect: Konark Sun Temple is a 13th-century temple in Odisha, not a site of prehistoric cave paintings.
(d) Incorrect: Ajanta Caves (UNESCO WHS) have Buddhist paintings dating from 2nd century BCE to 6th century CE, not prehistoric 30,000-year-old paintings.

Economics (11)

Public Finance - Budget and Taxation · Union Budget - components and process

Q22. What is the 'Fiscal Year' (also known as the Financial Year) in India?

  1. (a) January 1 to December 31
  2. (b) April 1 to March 31
  3. (c) July 1 to June 30
  4. (d) October 1 to September 30
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) April 1 to March 31

In India, the Fiscal Year (Financial Year) runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year. The Union Budget is presented before the beginning of the new fiscal year. This period is used for all government accounting, taxation, and corporate financial reporting purposes.
(a) Incorrect: January 1 to December 31 is the calendar year and is followed in countries like the USA.
(c) Incorrect: July 1 to June 30 is the fiscal year followed by countries like Australia.
(d) Incorrect: October 1 to September 30 is the fiscal year followed by the United States federal government.
Basic Concepts and Economic Systems · Factors of production and returns

Q23. What are the four main 'factors of production' in economics?

  1. (a) Land, Labor, Capital, and Entrepreneurship
  2. (b) Money, Machines, Land, and People
  3. (c) Taxes, Loans, Goods, and Services
  4. (d) Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Land, Labor, Capital, and Entrepreneurship

The four classical factors of production are: Land (natural resources), Labor (human effort), Capital (man-made tools, machinery, buildings), and Entrepreneurship ( organising and risk-taking to combine the other factors). These are the inputs used to produce goods and services in an economy.
(b) Incorrect: Money and machines are sub-components of Capital, not separate factors.
(c) Incorrect: Taxes, loans, goods, and services are not factors of production.
(d) Incorrect: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary refer to economic sectors, not factors of production.
Poverty, Unemployment and Human Development · Poverty - measurement and committees

Q24. What is the 'poverty line' primarily used to measure?

  1. (a) The average income of a country
  2. (b) The number of people who are wealthy
  3. (c) The minimum income level considered necessary for a basic standard of living
  4. (d) The national debt of a country
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) The minimum income level considered necessary for a basic standard of living

The poverty line is a threshold below which individuals or households are considered poor. It represents the minimum income level or expenditure needed to meet basic needs like food, clothing, and shelter. In India, it is determined by considering a minimum calorie intake and basic non-food expenditures.
(a) Incorrect: Average income is measured by per capita income, not the poverty line.
(b) Incorrect: Wealthy people are measured by wealth indices, not the poverty line.
(d) Incorrect: National debt is a separate macroeconomic concept unrelated to the poverty line.
Planning and NITI Aayog · Indian economy at independence and the 1950-90 phase

Q25. The 'Bombay Plan' (A Plan of Economic Development for India), proposed in January 1944, was formulated by?

  1. (a) The British Government
  2. (b) The Planning Commission of India
  3. (c) A group of prominent Indian industrialists
  4. (d) The Communist Party of India
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) A group of prominent Indian industrialists

The Bombay Plan of 1944 was prepared by eight leading Indian industrialists including J.R.D. Tata, G.D. Birla, Purshottamdas Thakurdas , and Ardeshir Dalal. It proposed a 15-year plan for India's economic development and advocated for significant state intervention, industrialisation , and improved education and public health.
(a) Incorrect: The British Government did not prepare the Bombay Plan; it was an Indian initiative.
(b) Incorrect: The Planning Commission was established after independence in 1950; it did not exist in 1944.
(d) Incorrect: The Communist Party of India was not involved; it was major industrialists who created the plan.
Industry and Infrastructure · Public sector undertakings (Maharatna, Navratna, Miniratna)

Q26. In which year was Air India nationalized by the Indian Government?

  1. (a) 1947
  2. (b) 1950
  3. (c) 1953
  4. (d) 1960
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 1953

Air India was nationalized in 1953 under the Air Corporations Act, 1953, during the tenure of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. The government merged all existing airlines (including Tata Airlines which became Air India) into two corporations: Indian Airlines (for domestic routes) and Air India (for international routes).
(a) Incorrect: 1947 was the year of India's independence, not Air India's nationalisation .
(b) Incorrect: Air India was not nationalised in 1950; the Act was passed in 1953.
(d) Incorrect: 1960 is not the correct year of nationalisation .
Money and Banking · Currency and coins (printing, security, denominations)

Q27. In 1957, India replaced the old anna-based currency system with which new system?

  1. (a) Barter System
  2. (b) Decimal Coinage System
  3. (c) Gold Standard
  4. (d) Digital Currency
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Decimal Coinage System

In 1957, India adopted the Decimal Coinage System, replacing the old system where 1 Rupee = 16 Annas = 64 Paise. Under the new decimal system, 1 Rupee = 100 Paise. This transition simplified everyday transactions and accounting, and modernised India's monetary system.
(a) Incorrect: Barter System is a pre-currency trading system involving exchange of goods directly.
(c) Incorrect: Gold Standard ties a currency's value to gold; India has not used this system.
(d) Incorrect: Digital Currency did not exist in 1957 and refers to modern concepts like CBDC.
Poverty, Unemployment and Human Development · Population and demographic dividend

Q28. The 'National Population Policy 2000' (NPP 2000) aimed to achieve a stable population by which target year?

  1. (a) 2020
  2. (b) 2030
  3. (c) 2045
  4. (d) 2050
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 2045

The National Population Policy 2000 set a long-term target of achieving a stable population at a level consistent with sustainable economic growth, social development, and environmental protection by 2045. The NPP 2000 also set immediate goals including universal access to contraception, reducing infant mortality, and achieving 80% institutional deliveries.
(a) Incorrect: 2020 was only the medium-term goal for achieving replacement-level fertility (TFR of 2.1).
(b) Incorrect: 2030 is not the stable population target year in NPP 2000.
(d) Incorrect: 2050 is beyond the NPP 2000's stated target year of 2045.
Money and Banking · NPAs and banking reforms (Narasimham, SARFAESI, IBC)

Q29. The ' Narasimham Committee' (constituted in 1991 and again in 1998) was set up to recommend reforms in which sector?

  1. (a) Agriculture
  2. (b) Banking and Financial Sector
  3. (c) Education
  4. (d) Railways
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Banking and Financial Sector

The Narasimham Committee was constituted to recommend reforms for the Indian banking and financial sector. The first committee (1991) led to major reforms including reduction of SLR and CRR, deregulation of interest rates, and introduction of prudential norms. The second committee (1998) further strengthened banking supervision and capital adequacy norms.
(a) Incorrect: Agriculture reforms have been recommended by other committees, not Narasimham .
(c) Incorrect: Education sector reforms were addressed by committees like Kothari Commission.
(d) Incorrect: Railway reforms are not within the mandate of the Narasimham Committee.
Industry and Infrastructure · LPG reforms of 1991

Q30. In which year did India launch its landmark 'New Economic Policy' (NEP), which introduced Liberalisation , Privatisation , and Globalisation (LPG) reforms?

  1. (a) 1985
  2. (b) 1991
  3. (c) 1995
  4. (d) 2001
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 1991

India launched its New Economic Policy in 1991, under Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh and Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao. The policy introduced Liberalisation (removing industrial licences and controls), Privatisation (disinvestment of PSUs), and Globalisation (opening markets to foreign investment and trade). This was triggered by a severe balance-of-payments crisis.
(a) Incorrect: 1985 saw some limited reforms under Rajiv Gandhi's government but not the full NEP.
(c) Incorrect: 1995 was not the year of the NEP launch; it was a year of further implementation.
(d) Incorrect: 2001 saw reforms in the telecom sector but was not the year of the NEP launch.
Public Finance - Budget and Taxation · Union Budget - latest highlights

Q31. The Union Budget 2025-26 announced a new initiative inspired by the 'Stand Up India' scheme, targeting first-time entrepreneurs from which categories?

  1. (a) SC, ST, and OBC communities
  2. (b) Women, SC, and ST categories
  3. (c) Minority communities and women
  4. (d) Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and SC categories
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Women, SC, and ST categories

The Union Budget 2025-26 announced an initiative inspired by the Stand Up India scheme, aimed at supporting first-time entrepreneurs from Women, SC, and ST categories. The original Stand Up India scheme (2016) provides bank loans between Rs 10 lakh and Rs 1 crore to SC/ST and women entrepreneurs for setting up greenfield enterprises.
(a) Incorrect: OBC communities are not specifically mentioned in the Stand Up India-inspired initiative; the focus is on Women, SC, and ST.
(c) Incorrect: Minority communities are not the primary target group for this initiative.
(d) Incorrect: EWS is not the focus of this scheme; Stand Up India targets Women, SC, and ST categories.
Financial Markets and Institutions · Pension schemes (NPS, APY) and PFRDA

Q32. Under the Employees' Pension Scheme (EPS-95), the Child's Pension benefit is available for a maximum of how many children at a time, and up to what age?

  1. (a) 3 children, up to 18 years
  2. (b) 2 children, up to 25 years
  3. (c) 3 children, up to 21 years
  4. (d) 2 children, up to 21 years
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 2 children, up to 25 years

Under EPS-95 (Employees' Pension Scheme 1995), the Child's Pension is available for a maximum of 2 children at a time. The pension is payable until the child attains 25 years of age, or gets married, or starts earning, whichever is earlier. If the child is disabled, the pension continues for life regardless of age.
(a) Incorrect: EPS-95 covers 2 children (not 3), and the age limit is 25 years (not 18).
(c) Incorrect: EPS-95 covers a maximum of 2 children, not 3, and age limit is 25 years, not 21.
(d) Incorrect: While the number of children (2) is correct, the age limit under EPS-95 is 25 years, not 21 years.

Geography (7)

India - Minerals, Energy and Industries · Non-metallic minerals

Q33. The Panna district in Madhya Pradesh is famous in India for the mining of which mineral?

  1. (a) Coal
  2. (b) Gold
  3. (c) Diamonds
  4. (d) Copper
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Diamonds

Panna in Madhya Pradesh is India's only diamond-producing district and one of the few significant diamond deposits in the world. The Panna Diamond Mines, operated by the National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), extract alluvial diamonds from the region. Panna is also known for its national park.
(a) Incorrect: Coal is mined in states like Jharkhand, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh, not Panna.
(b) Incorrect: Gold is mined primarily in Kolar (Karnataka).
(d) Incorrect: Copper is mined in Rajasthan and Jharkhand, not Panna.
India - Drainage System · River origins and lengths

Q34. The 'Godavari' river, also known as the Dakshin Ganga, originates from which Indian state?

  1. (a) Karnataka
  2. (b) Andhra Pradesh
  3. (c) Odisha
  4. (d) Maharashtra
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Maharashtra

The Godavari river originates from Trimbakeshwar in the Nashik district of Maharashtra, near the Western Ghats. It is the second largest river in India after the Ganga and the longest peninsular river. It flows eastward across the Deccan Plateau and drains into the Bay of Bengal.
(a) Incorrect: Karnataka has rivers like Kaveri and Tungabhadra but not the origin of Godavari.
(b) Incorrect: Andhra Pradesh is where Godavari forms a delta and drains into the sea, not its origin.
(c) Incorrect: Odisha has rivers like Mahanadi; Godavari does not originate there.
India - Drainage System · Waterfalls of India

Q35. The spectacular 'Jog Falls' ( Gersoppa Falls), one of India's highest waterfalls, is formed by which river?

  1. (a) Kaveri
  2. (b) Sharavathi
  3. (c) Krishna
  4. (d) Tungabhadra
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Sharavathi

Jog Falls (also called Gersoppa Falls) is formed by the Sharavathi river in the Shimoga district of Karnataka. It is one of the highest plunge waterfalls in India, with a drop of about 253 metres (830 feet). The falls consist of four cascades: Raja, Rani, Rover, and Rocket.
(a) Incorrect: Kaveri river does not form Jog Falls; it flows through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
(c) Incorrect: Krishna river flows through Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh but does not form Jog Falls.
(d) Incorrect: Tungabhadra is a tributary of Krishna; it does not form Jog Falls.
India - Drainage System · Cities on river banks

Q36. The city of Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana, is situated on the banks of which river?

  1. (a) Godavari
  2. (b) Krishna
  3. (c) Musi
  4. (d) Tungabhadra
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Musi

Hyderabad is situated on the banks of the Musi river, a tributary of the Krishna river. The historic Charminar, Chowmahalla Palace, and several heritage structures are located near the Musi riverbank. The Hussain Sagar Lake in Hyderabad is also fed by the Musi river system.
(a) Incorrect: Godavari flows through northern Telangana but does not flow through Hyderabad city.
(b) Incorrect: Krishna flows south of Hyderabad; the Musi is a tributary of Krishna.
(d) Incorrect: Tungabhadra flows through Karnataka and is not associated with Hyderabad.
India - Population and Census · Urbanisation and migration

Q37. In the study of migration, factors that attract people to move towards a new location — such as better employment, education, and healthcare facilities — are called?

  1. (a) Push factors
  2. (b) Pull factors
  3. (c) Natural factors
  4. (d) Negative factors
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Pull factors

Pull factors are conditions that attract migrants to a new destination. These include better job opportunities, higher wages, superior educational institutions, advanced healthcare, political stability, and improved quality of life. They contrast with 'push factors' (adverse conditions like poverty, conflict, or lack of opportunity) that compel people to leave their home location.
(a) Incorrect: Push factors are negative conditions in the origin area that drive people to leave (e.g., unemployment, drought, conflict).
(c) Incorrect: 'Natural factors' is not a standard term in migration theory.
(d) Incorrect: 'Negative factors' is not the correct term; these motivating factors are specifically called pull factors.
India - Transport and Communication · Roadways and National Highways

Q38. Which category of roads in India is primarily responsible for connecting the state capital with various district headquarters?

  1. (a) National Highways
  2. (b) District Roads
  3. (c) State Highways
  4. (d) Border Roads
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) State Highways

State Highways are roads that connect state capitals with district headquarters and other important towns within a state. They are maintained by State Public Works Departments (PWDs). National Highways connect major cities across states; District Roads connect district headquarters to taluk/block levels; Border Roads are maintained by the BRO for strategic purposes near international borders.
(a) Incorrect: National Highways connect major cities and state capitals across the country, not specifically capitals to district HQs.
(b) Incorrect: District Roads connect district headquarters to smaller towns and villages, not state capitals.
(d) Incorrect: Border Roads are constructed and maintained by BRO in strategically important border areas.
India - Drainage System · River disputes and river facts

Q39. The state of Assam experiences severe annual floods primarily due to which major river system?

  1. (a) Ganga
  2. (b) Godavari
  3. (c) Brahmaputra
  4. (d) Narmada
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Brahmaputra

Assam is one of India's most flood-prone states, primarily due to the Brahmaputra river. The Brahmaputra, one of the world's largest rivers by volume, carries massive sediment loads from the Himalayas and frequently overflows during monsoon season. The river's braided channels, combined with high rainfall, cause annual devastating floods in Assam.
(a) Incorrect: The Ganga flows through Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal etc., not Assam.
(b) Incorrect: Godavari flows through Maharashtra, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh; it does not flow through Assam.
(d) Incorrect: Narmada flows westward through Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat; it does not cause Assam's floods.

Physics (1)

Physics Miscellaneous · Scientific instruments and their uses

Q40. What is the primary role of the Eddy Covariance (EC) tower installed by ISRO at Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University (RPCAU), Bihar?

  1. (a) To launch small sounding rockets
  2. (b) To measure CO2 and water- vapour fluxes between the ecosystem and the atmosphere
  3. (c) To train astronauts in agricultural settings
  4. (d) To provide high-speed Wi-Fi connectivity to the campus
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) To measure CO2 and water- vapour fluxes between the ecosystem and the atmosphere

The Eddy Covariance (EC) tower installed by ISRO at RPCAU, Bihar is used to continuously measure the exchange of CO2, water vapour , and energy fluxes between the land surface (agricultural ecosystem) and the atmosphere. This data helps understand carbon sequestration, evapotranspiration, and the climate impact on agriculture.
(a) Incorrect: Sounding rockets are launched from dedicated ISRO facilities, not agricultural universities.
(c) Incorrect: Astronaut training is conducted at facilities like the Astronaut Training Centre, not RPCAU.
(d) Incorrect: Providing Wi-Fi is not the function of an Eddy Covariance tower.

Current Affairs (6)

Reports, Indices and Rankings · Global indices and India's rank

Q41. What is India's Human Development Index (HDI) value according to the 2025 UNDP Human Development Report?

  1. (a) 0.645
  2. (b) 0.685
  3. (c) 0.725
  4. (d) 0.595
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 0.685

According to the UNDP Human Development Report 2025, India's HDI value is 0.685, placing it in the 'Medium Human Development' category. India ranks 130th out of 193 countries in the 2025 HDI rankings. This reflects improvements in health, education, and standard of living indicators.
(a) Incorrect: 0.645 is below India's actual 2025 HDI value.
(c) Incorrect: 0.725 is higher than India's current HDI; this would place India in the 'High Human Development' band.
(d) Incorrect: 0.595 is significantly below India's actual HDI value.
Appointments and Resignations · National appointments

Q42. Who was appointed as the Private Secretary (PS) to the Prime Minister of India in March 2025?

  1. (a) Nidhi Tiwari
  2. (b) Ankita Singh
  3. (c) Priya Verma
  4. (d) Smita Kumar
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Nidhi Tiwari

Nidhi Tiwari, an IAS officer from the 2013 batch (Uttarakhand cadre), was appointed as Private Secretary to Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 29th March 2025. She became one of the senior officers in the Prime Minister's Office (PMO), assisting in day-to-day administrative functions and coordination.
(b) Incorrect: Ankita Singh was not appointed as Private Secretary to the PM in March 2025.
(c) Incorrect: Priya Verma was not appointed to this post.
(d) Incorrect: Smita Kumar was not appointed as Private Secretary to the PM in March 2025.
Appointments and Resignations · National appointments

Q43. Which IAS officer was appointed as Secretary to the Chief Minister of Gujarat in May 2025?

  1. (a) Avantika Aulakh
  2. (b) Vikrant Pandey
  3. (c) K.K. Nirala
  4. (d) Bakani Jhalawar
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Vikrant Pandey

Vikrant Pandey, an IAS officer, was appointed as Secretary to the Chief Minister of Gujarat in May 2025. Such appointments involve senior IAS officers who assist the Chief Minister in administrative coordination and policy implementation for the state government.
(a) Incorrect: Avantika Aulakh was not appointed to this post in May 2025.
(c) Incorrect: K.K. Nirala was not appointed as Secretary to the CM of Gujarat in May 2025.
(d) Incorrect: Bakani Jhalawar was not appointed to this position.
Appointments and Resignations · National appointments

Q44. Who was appointed as the Secretary (Security) in the Cabinet Secretariat in June 2025?

  1. (a) Hari Nath Mishra
  2. (b) R.A. Chandra Sekhar
  3. (c) Manoj Govil
  4. (d) Parag Jain
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) R.A. Chandra Sekhar

R.A. Chandra Sekhar was appointed as Secretary (Security) in the Cabinet Secretariat on 14th June 2025. The Secretary (Security) in the Cabinet Secretariat handles sensitive matters related to national security coordination, intelligence, and internal security affairs at the highest level of the Government of India.
(a) Incorrect: Hari Nath Mishra was not appointed to this post in June 2025.
(c) Incorrect: Manoj Govil was not appointed as Secretary (Security) in the Cabinet Secretariat in June 2025.
(d) Incorrect: Parag Jain was not appointed to this position.
International Affairs and Summits · Bilateral agreements and visits

Q45. The Prime Minister of New Zealand who visited India in March 2025 and held bilateral discussions with the President of India was?

  1. (a) Jacinda Ardern
  2. (b) Christopher Luxon
  3. (c) Winston Peters
  4. (d) Helen Clark
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Christopher Luxon

Christopher Luxon, the Prime Minister of New Zealand, visited India in March 2025. During his visit, he held discussions aimed at strengthening India-New Zealand bilateral ties in areas of trade, education, tourism, and people-to-people connectivity. Luxon became PM of New Zealand in December 2023.
(a) Incorrect: Jacinda Ardern resigned as New Zealand PM in January 2023 and was not PM during the March 2025 visit.
(c) Incorrect: Winston Peters is the Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand, not the PM.
(d) Incorrect: Helen Clark was New Zealand PM from 1999–2008; she was not PM in 2025.
National Affairs and Government Initiatives · National events and launches

Q46. In February 2025, a five-day training programme on 'Operation and Management of Rural Water Supply Schemes' was organised by which institution?

  1. (a) Central Water Commission
  2. (b) National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD)
  3. (c) SPM-NIWAS under the Ministry of Jal Shakti
  4. (d) National Mission for Clean Ganga
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) SPM-NIWAS under the Ministry of Jal Shakti

The five-day training programme on Operation and Management of Rural Water Supply Schemes held in February 2025 was organised by SPM-NIWAS ( Swajal Prakalp Mission - National Institute for Water and Sanitation) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti. The programme aimed to build capacity among officials managing rural drinking water infrastructure under the Jal Jeevan Mission.
(a) Incorrect: Central Water Commission deals with river water regulation and development, not rural water supply training.
(b) Incorrect: NIRD focuses on rural development capacity building broadly, not specifically on rural water supply management.
(d) Incorrect: National Mission for Clean Ganga focuses on river rejuvenation, not rural water supply scheme management.

Modern History (3)

Swadeshi, Revolutionaries and Home Rule · HRA, HSRA, Bhagat Singh and Kakori

Q47. Durga Bhabi (Durgavati Devi), an active member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), is known for her close association with which revolutionary figures?

  1. (a) Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal
  2. (b) Subhas Chandra Bose, Rajguru, Sukhdev
  3. (c) Khudiram Bose, Surya Sen, Ganesh Ghosh
  4. (d) Bhagat Singh, Ashfaqullah Khan, Chandra Shekhar Azad
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Bhagat Singh, Ashfaqullah Khan, Chandra Shekhar Azad

Durga Bhabi (Durgavati Devi) was a revolutionary patriot and member of HSRA. She is particularly known for her close association with Bhagat Singh (she helped him escape after the Saunders assassination by disguising him as her husband), Chandra Shekhar Azad, and other HSRA revolutionaries. She also attempted to assassinate the Governor of Punjab.
(a) Incorrect: Lala Lajpat Rai, Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal were 'Lal-Bal-Pal' Congress leaders, not directly linked to Durga Bhabi's revolutionary work.
(b) Incorrect: While Sukhdev and Rajguru were HSRA members, the association with Subhas Chandra Bose is incorrect in this context.
(c) Incorrect: Khudiram Bose and Surya Sen were Bengali revolutionaries not directly linked to Durga Bhabi's HSRA network.
British Administration and Policies · Press acts and other laws

Q48. Which British Governor-General relaxed the restrictive Press Act of 1799 and removed pre-censorship of the Indian press in 1818?

  1. (a) Lord Hastings
  2. (b) Lord Wellesley
  3. (c) Charles Metcalfe
  4. (d) John Adams
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Lord Hastings

Lord Hastings (Francis Rawdon-Hastings, Governor-General 1813-1823) relaxed the Press Act of 1799 imposed by Lord Wellesley and removed pre-censorship of the press in 1818, allowing greater press freedom. Charles Metcalfe (1835) is called the 'Liberator of the Indian Press' for completely abolishing press restrictions, but it was Lord Hastings who first eased them in 1818.
(b) Incorrect: Lord Wellesley introduced the highly restrictive Press Act of 1799 imposing strict pre-censorship; he did not relax it.
(c) Incorrect: Charles Metcalfe fully abolished press restrictions in 1835, not in 1818; this was a later development.
(d) Incorrect: John Adams did not relax the Press Act of 1799 in the Indian context; it was Lord Hastings in 1818.
British Administration and Policies · Constitutional Acts under British rule

Q49. Which of the following Acts proposed the creation of a Federal Public Service Commission for the federation and Provincial Public Service Commissions for the individual provinces?

  1. (a) Government of India Act 1919
  2. (b) Government of India Act 1935
  3. (c) Indian Councils Act 1909
  4. (d) Indian Independence Act 1947
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Government of India Act 1935

The Government of India Act 1935 proposed the establishment of a Federal Public Service Commission for the federation and separate Provincial Public Service Commissions for the provinces. The Act of 1919 had set up a Central Public Service Commission but did not extend this to provinces systematically. The 1935 Act formed the basis of the Constitutions of India and Pakistan after independence.
(a) Incorrect: The Government of India Act 1919 set up a Central Public Service Commission but did not propose Provincial PSCs as envisioned in the 1935 Act.
(c) Incorrect: The Indian Councils Act 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms) introduced separate electorates but did not propose Federal or Provincial PSCs.
(d) Incorrect: The Indian Independence Act 1947 dealt with the partition and transfer of power, not the creation of Public Service Commissions.
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