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Ancient Art, Culture and Science PYQs – Ancient History, SSC & Railway

88 Ancient Art, Culture and Science (Ancient History) questions asked in recent SSC and Railway exams, newest first, with exam, date & shift, answers and solutions.

📚 88 questionsSSC 51 · Railway 37
SSC Stenographer 2026 – 15 September 2026 Shift 1 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q1. The Ajanta caves, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, were primarily excavated during the reign of which dynasty?

  1. (a) Mauryan
  2. (b) Gupta and Vakataka
  3. (c) Kushan
  4. (d) Nanda
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Gupta and Vakataka

Answer: Option 2 — Gupta and Vakataka
The finest Ajanta caves and almost all of its murals belong to the second phase (5th century CE), cut under the Vakataka king Harishena, contemporaries and marriage allies of the Guptas — hence the label "Gupta-Vakataka period".
The earliest caves are older still, from the Satavahana period (2nd–1st century BCE).
Revision note — The Ajanta caves
• Located in Aurangabad (Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar) district, Maharashtra, in a horseshoe-shaped gorge of the Waghora river; 30 rock-cut Buddhist caves (chaityas and viharas).
• Phase 1 (Hinayana, 2nd–1st century BCE) under the Satavahanas — caves 9, 10, 12, 13 and 15A.
• Phase 2 (Mahayana, about 460–480 CE) under the Vakataka ruler Harishena — caves 1, 2, 16, 17, 19 and 26, with the famous murals.
• Prabhavati Gupta, daughter of Chandragupta II, married the Vakataka king Rudrasena II — the link that makes the period "Gupta-Vakataka".
• Rediscovered in 1819 by John Smith, a British officer on a tiger hunt; inscribed by UNESCO in 1983 (same year as Ellora).
• Best-known paintings: Padmapani and Vajrapani (Cave 1), the Dying Princess (Cave 16), Flying Apsara (Cave 17) and the Jataka tales, done in the tempera technique.
• The Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang (7th century) described Ajanta in his account.
Do not mix these up
• Ajanta vs Ellora — Ajanta is only Buddhist and famous for paintings; Ellora (34 caves) has Buddhist, Hindu and Jain caves and the monolithic Kailasa temple of the Rashtrakuta king Krishna I.
• Vakataka vs Satavahana — both worked at Ajanta, but the murals are Vakataka; the Satavahana caves are the plain early ones.
Also asked from this topic: the traveller who described the Ajanta caves (Hiuen Tsang); the cave site of The Flying Apsara (Ajanta); the founder of the Vakataka dynasty (Vindhyashakti).
SSC Stenographer 2026 – 15 September 2026 Shift 2 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q2. Which of the following is the most distinctive feature of Dravida-style temples as compared to Nagara-style temples?

  1. (a) Beehive-shaped shikhara
  2. (b) Absence of mandapas
  3. (c) Towering gopurams dominating the temple complex
  4. (d) Use of red sandstone as the main construction material
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Towering gopurams dominating the temple complex

Answer: Option 3 — Towering gopurams dominating the temple complex
A Dravida temple stands inside a walled compound, and its entrances carry huge gateway towers called gopurams.
In the later Vijayanagara and Nayaka temples the gopurams grew taller than the sanctum tower itself — nothing like this exists in the Nagara style of the north.
Revision note — Dravida vs Nagara temple architecture
• Dravida (south India): the tower over the sanctum is the vimana, a stepped pyramid; the gateway tower is the gopuram; the compound has an enclosure wall and a water tank.
• Nagara (north and central India): the tower is a curvilinear shikhara topped by an amalaka and kalasha; the temple stands on a platform (jagati) with no boundary wall or gateway.
• Nagara shikhara types: Latina (single curvilinear tower), Phamsana (straight-edged, lower and broader), Valabhi (barrel-vaulted).
• Vesara is the hybrid style of the Deccan (Chalukyas of Badami, Hoysalas).
• Dravida landmarks: the Shore Temple and Kailasanatha (Pallavas), the Brihadeshwara Temple at Thanjavur (Rajaraja I, 1010 CE), the Meenakshi Temple at Madurai with its gigantic gopurams.
• Nagara landmarks: Khajuraho (Chandelas), Sun Temple at Konark, Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar, Dilwara temples at Mount Abu.
Do not mix these up
• Vimana vs gopuram — the vimana rises over the sanctum; the gopuram is the gateway tower.
• Shikhara vs vimana — the beehive shikhara is a Nagara feature; the stepped vimana is Dravida.
Also asked from this topic: the main tower of a Dravida temple (vimana); the feature characteristic of the Nagara style (shikhara); the temple famous for gigantic gopurams (Meenakshi Temple, Madurai).
SSC Stenographer 2026 – 15 September 2026 Shift 2 · Stupas and chaityas

Q3. Which of the following best explains why early stupas lacked anthropomorphic depictions of the Buddha?

  1. (a) Absence of skilled artisans during the Mauryan era
  2. (b) Buddhist prohibition on image-making
  3. (c) Prevalence of aniconic tradition in early Buddhism
  4. (d) Preference for royal patronage over religious motifs
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Prevalence of aniconic tradition in early Buddhism

Answer: Option 3 — Prevalence of aniconic tradition in early Buddhism
Early Buddhist art at Bharhut, Sanchi and early Amaravati never shows the Buddha as a man.
His presence is marked by symbols — this is the aniconic phase, a matter of convention and reverence, not of a formal ban or a lack of skill.
Revision note — Symbols of the Buddha in early art
• Lotus = birth; Bodhi tree = enlightenment; Dharmachakra (wheel) = first sermon at Sarnath; Stupa = Mahaparinirvana.
• Empty throne and footprints (Buddhapada) stand for the Buddha himself; the horse without a rider (Kanthaka) shows the Great Departure.
• The reliefs on the Sanchi toranas (1st century BCE) narrate Jataka stories and the Buddha's life using only these symbols.
• The first human images of the Buddha appear around the 1st century CE under the Kushanas, in the Gandhara school (Greco-Roman) and the Mathura school (indigenous, Yaksha-like).
• The change went with the rise of Mahayana Buddhism, which encouraged image worship; the earlier Hinayana tradition had used symbols.
• Sequence of early Buddhist sculpture: Bharhut (2nd century BCE) → Sanchi (1st century BCE) → Mathura (1st–3rd century CE).
Do not mix these up
• Gandhara vs Mathura — Gandhara shows Hellenistic drapery and wavy hair; Mathura shows a robust, indigenous Buddha in spotted red sandstone.
• Aniconic vs prohibition — no Buddhist text forbade images; the early convention simply preferred symbols.
Also asked from this topic: the order of Bharhut, Sanchi and Mathura (Bharhut → Sanchi → Mathura); what the Sanchi gateways depict (Jataka stories); the art born of Greek and Indian fusion (Gandhara).
SSC Stenographer 2026 – 12 September 2026 Shift 2 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q4. The Vesara style in temple architecture, seen at Aihole and Pattadakal, is a synthesis of:

  1. (a) Nagara (north) & Dravida (south)
  2. (b) Mughal & Portuguese
  3. (c) Rajput & Gothic
  4. (d) Gothic & Indo-Greek
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Nagara (north) & Dravida (south)

Answer: Option 1 — Nagara (north) & Dravida (south)
Vesara is the hybrid temple style of the Deccan.
It takes the curvilinear shikhara of the northern Nagara style and the tiered vimana and pillared halls of the southern Dravida style.
It grew up under the Chalukyas of Badami at Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal in Karnataka.
Revision note — The three temple styles of India
• Nagara (north and central India): a curvilinear shikhara over the sanctum, crowned by a ribbed amalaka and a kalasha; no boundary wall or gateway.
• Nagara examples: Khajuraho, the Sun Temple, Konark and the Jagannath Temple, Puri (the Kalinga sub-style of Odisha).
• Dravida (Tamil country): a stepped pyramidal tower called the vimana over the sanctum, a walled compound and towering gateways called gopurams.
• Dravida examples: Brihadeeswara Temple, Thanjavur (Rajaraja Chola, 1010 CE) and the Meenakshi Temple, Madurai.
• Vesara (Deccan): a blend of the two, developed by the Chalukyas (6th–8th century) and carried on by the Rashtrakutas and the Hoysalas (Belur, Halebidu).
• Aihole is called the cradle of Indian temple architecture; its Durga Temple and Lad Khan Temple are early experiments.
• Pattadakal (UNESCO World Heritage Site, 1987) has Nagara and Dravida temples standing side by side.
• Its Virupaksha Temple was built by Queen Lokamahadevi to mark Vikramaditya II's victory over the Pallavas.
• The Chalukyas also cut the four Badami cave temples (three Hindu, one Jain) out of sandstone cliffs.
Do not mix these up
• Shikhara vs vimana — both are the tower over the sanctum, but the Nagara shikhara curves inward, while the Dravida vimana rises in straight stepped storeys.
• Vimana vs gopuram — in a Dravida temple the vimana is over the shrine; the gopuram is the gateway tower on the compound wall, often the taller of the two.
Also asked from this topic: the region where the Vesara style developed (Deccan); the main tower of a Dravida temple (vimana); the dynasty that built the Virupaksha Temple at Pattadakal (Chalukyas).
SSC Stenographer 2026 – 11 September 2026 Shift 1 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q5. Which of the following is a notable painting from Ajanta?

  1. (a) Descent of the Ganges
  2. (b) Battle of Kurukshetra
  3. (c) Padmapāṇi Bodhisattva
  4. (d) Krishna Lifting Govardhan
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Padmapāṇi Bodhisattva

Answer: Option 3 — Padmapāṇi Bodhisattva
The Padmapani ("lotus-bearer") Bodhisattva mural, with its downcast eyes and blue lotus, stands beside the shrine doorway of Cave 1 at Ajanta and is the single most reproduced Indian painting.
Its companion on the other side of the doorway is Vajrapani, the thunderbolt-bearer.
Revision note — The Ajanta Caves
• 30 rock-cut Buddhist caves in a horseshoe gorge of the Waghora river, in Aurangabad (Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar) district, Maharashtra.
• A UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1983.
• Rediscovered in 1819 by John Smith, a British cavalry officer, while on a tiger hunt.
• Two phases — an early Hinayana phase under the Satavahanas (2nd century BCE) and a later Mahayana phase under the Vakataka king Harishena (5th century CE).
• The paintings are tempera on a lime-plaster ground (fresco-secco), not true fresco; their subjects are the Jataka tales and scenes from the Buddha's life.
• Other famous Ajanta works: the Mahajanaka Jataka in Cave 1, The Dying Princess in Cave 16, and the Simhala Avadana in Cave 17.
• Caves 9, 10, 19 and 26 are chaitya (prayer) halls; the rest are viharas (monasteries). Ajanta is the only site preserving paintings of both the 1st century BCE and the 5th century CE.
Do not mix these up
• Ajanta vs Ellora — Ajanta is purely Buddhist and famous for paintings; Ellora has Buddhist, Hindu and Jain caves and is famous for sculpture, above all the Kailasa temple (Cave 16).
• Padmapani vs Vajrapani — both flank the Cave 1 shrine; Padmapani holds a lotus, Vajrapani a vajra (thunderbolt).
• Descent of the Ganges is not an Ajanta painting but a rock relief at Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu, also called Arjuna's Penance.
Also asked from this topic: the site famous for masterpieces of Buddhist art (Ajanta Caves); its architectural style (rock-cut chaityas and viharas).
SSC Stenographer 2026 – 10 September 2026 Shift 2 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q6. Which of the given statements correctly describes the term Jagati in a Nagara-style temple?

  1. (a) Jagati is the spire that houses the deity inside.
  2. (b) Jagati is the topmost element of the temple's shikhara.
  3. (c) Jagati refers to the base platform on which the temple is constructed.
  4. (d) Jagati is the sanctum wall that contains inscriptions.
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Jagati refers to the base platform on which the temple is constructed.

Answer: Option 3 — Jagati refers to the base platform on which the temple is constructed.
Jagati is the raised plinth or terrace on which the whole Nagara temple stands, and around which devotees walk the pradakshina.
It is a ground-level element and has nothing to do with the tower.
Revision note — Parts of a Nagara temple
• Jagati — the raised platform; adhisthana or pitha — the moulded base of the walls resting on it.
• Garbhagriha — the sanctum, literally womb chamber, holding the chief image; mandapa — the pillared hall; antarala — the vestibule joining the two.
• Shikhara — the curvilinear tower over the sanctum; amalaka — the ribbed disc at its top; kalasha — the pot-shaped finial above the amalaka.
• Bhadra is the central projecting offset of the wall face; karna is the corner projection.
• Nagara shikhara types — latina (rekha-prasada), a tall curved tower on a square base; phamsana, slabs rising in a straight incline; valabhi, wagon-vaulted.
• Nagara temples of north and central India usually have no boundary wall or gopuram; sub-styles include Odisha (rekha deul), Khajuraho and Solanki (Gujarat–Rajasthan).
Do not mix these up
• Shikhara vs vimana — shikhara is the Nagara tower over the sanctum; in Dravida temples that tower is the vimana and the gateway tower is the gopuram.
• Amalaka vs kalasha — the amalaka is the ribbed stone disc; the kalasha is the pot finial that sits on it.
Also asked from this topic: the part housing the main deity (garbhagriha); the element atop the shikhara (amalaka); the main tower of a Dravida temple (vimana).
RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 20 June 2026 Shift 1 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q7. In which Indian state are the renowned Bagh Caves, famous for their ancient murals, located?

  1. (a) Odisha
  2. (b) Madhya Pradesh
  3. (c) Maharashtra
  4. (d) Chhattisgarh
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Madhya Pradesh

Bagh Caves
Location: Bagh town, Dhar district,Madhya Pradesh
Features: 9 rock-cut Buddhist caves (5th-7th century CE)
Famous for: Ancient murals depicting Jataka tales and Buddhist themes
Answer: Option 2 → Madhya Pradesh
RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 16 June 2026 Shift 3 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q8. The architectural style of the Jagannath Temple is primarily associated with which of the following traditions?

  1. (a) Kalinga style
  2. (b) Dravidian style
  3. (c) Hoysala Style
  4. (d) Vesara style
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Kalinga style

Jagannath Temple Architecture
Location: Puri, Odisha
Built in 12th century by King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva
FeaturesKalinga architecture- characteristic of Odisha temples
Key elements: Deul (sanctum) and Jagamohana (assembly hall)
Famous for its towering shikhara and annual Rath Yatra
Answer: Option 1 → Kalinga style
SSC GD 2026 – 27 May 2026 Shift 1 · Ancient literature and authors

Q9. Which of the following works is NOT by Kalidasa?

  1. (a) Meghaduta
  2. (b) Kumarasambhavam
  3. (c) Mrichchhakatika
  4. (d) Abhijnanasakuntalam
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Mrichchhakatika

Correct Answer: Mrichchhakatika — Option (c)
Mrichchhakatika (The Little Clay Cart) was written by Shudraka, NOT Kalidasa. About Mrichchhakatika : Author: Shudraka (an ancient Sanskrit playwright); Title meaning: ' Mrichchha ' = clay, 'Katika' = cart — 'The Little Clay Cart'; It is a Sanskrit play about the romantic relationship between Charudatta (a noble but poor Brahmin) and Vasantasena (a wealthy courtesan); Known for its realistic portrayal of society and one of the finest examples of Sanskrit drama; About Kalidasa's Works: Kalidasa is considered the greatest classical Sanskrit poet and playwright; He lived during the Gupta period (approximately 4th-5th century CE); Major Works of Kalidasa: Plays (Nataka): Abhijnanasakuntalam (Recognition of Shakuntala) — his masterpiece, translated into many world languages; about King Dushyanta and Shakuntala; Vikramorvasiyam — about the love between King Pururavas and the nymph Urvashi; Malavikagnimitra — about King Agnimitra's love for Malavika; Epic poems (Mahakavya): Kumarasambhavam — about the birth of Kartikeya (Kumar/Skanda), son of Shiva and Parvati; Raghuvamsha — genealogy and deeds of the Raghu dynasty (ancestors of Lord Ram); Shorter poems: Meghaduta (Cloud Messenger) — a yaksha sends a message to his beloved through a cloud; one of the most celebrated Sanskrit lyrical poems; Ritusamhara — description of six seasons; All options EXCEPT Mrichchhakatika are by Kalidasa; Mrichchhakatika is by Shudraka .
Option (a) Meghaduta — Incorrect: Meghaduta (Cloud Messenger) IS written by Kalidasa — it is one of his most celebrated lyrical poems where a yaksha (sent into exile by Kubera) asks a cloud to carry a message to his beloved; it is NOT the answer. The candidate selected this incorrectly.
Option (b) Kumarasambhavam — Incorrect: Kumarasambhavam IS written by Kalidasa — it is a Sanskrit epic poem describing the birth of Kartikeya (son of Shiva and Parvati); it is definitely a Kalidasa work and NOT the answer to 'which is NOT by Kalidasa.'
Option (d) Abhijnanasakuntalam — Incorrect: Abhijnanasakuntalam (Shakuntala) IS written by Kalidasa — it is his most famous play about King Dushyanta's love for Shakuntala; translated into German by Goethe who praised it highly; it is NOT the answer; the correct answer for 'NOT by Kalidasa' is Mrichchhakatika (by Shudraka ).
SSC GD 2026 – 21 May 2026 Shift 3 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q10. Which temple is an example of the Kalinga style of architecture?

  1. (a) Jagannath Temple, Puri
  2. (b) Brihadeeswara Temple
  3. (c) Meenakshi Temple, Madurai
  4. (d) Shore Temple, Mamallapuram
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Jagannath Temple, Puri

Correct Answer: Jagannath Temple, Puri — Option (a)
The Jagannath Temple in Puri, Odisha, is a classic example of the Kalinga style of architecture. About Kalinga Architecture: The Kalinga style of temple architecture developed in ancient Kalinga (modern Odisha) and is one of the major regional styles of Indian temple architecture; It has three sub-types: Rekha Deula (or Rekha Prasad): Curvilinear tower (shikhara) — the most common type; used for main shrine (sanctum sanctorum); Pidha Deula: Pyramid-shaped superstructure — used for the 'Jagamohana' (assembly hall); Khakhara Deula: A barrel-vaulted roof — associated with Chamunda and Durga temples; Jagannath Temple: Located in Puri, Odisha; built in the 12th century (around 1161 CE) by King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva; Height: Main tower (Rekha Deula) is about 65 meters tall; The complex includes the Rekha Deula (sanctum), Jagamohana (assembly hall), Natamandira (dancing hall), and Bhogamandapa (hall of offerings); Famous for the Rath Yatra (Chariot Festival); Other examples of Kalinga architecture: Lingaraj Temple (Bhubaneswar), Sun Temple at Konark, Mukteshwar Temple (Bhubaneswar).
Option (b) Brihadeeswara Temple — Incorrect: The Brihadeeswara Temple (also called Peruvudaiyar Kovil) in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, is a prime example of DRAVIDIAN (Chola) architecture — NOT Kalinga architecture; built by Raja Raja Chola I (1003-1010 CE); it has a gopuram (gateway tower) and vimana (tower over sanctum) typical of South Indian Dravidian style. The candidate selected this incorrect option.
Option (c) Meenakshi Temple, Madurai — Incorrect: The Meenakshi Amman Temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, is another example of DRAVIDIAN architecture — characterized by towering gopurams (gateway towers), the tallest of which is 52 meters; it is NOT an example of Kalinga architecture.
Option (d) Shore Temple, Mamallapuram — Incorrect: The Shore Temple at Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram), Tamil Nadu, is an example of PALLAVA architecture (Dravidian style) — built during the reign of Narasimhavarman II (700-728 CE); it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site but is NOT an example of Kalinga architecture.
SSC GD 2026 – 19 May 2026 Shift 2 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q11. The Chalukyas of Badami are known for which contribution to Indian art?

  1. (a) For bronze statues of Nataraja
  2. (b) For rock-cut cave temples in Badami
  3. (c) For developing Nagara style temples
  4. (d) For paintings in Ellora caves
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) For rock-cut cave temples in Badami

Correct Answer: For rock-cut cave temples in Badami — Option (b)
The Chalukyas of Badami (Vatapi Chalukyas , c. 543-753 CE), who ruled from Badami (Vatapi) in present-day Karnataka, are renowned for their magnificent rock-cut cave temples at Badami. There are four cave temples carved into the red sandstone cliffs: Cave 1 (dedicated to Shiva, with famous Nataraja carvings), Cave 2 (dedicated to Vishnu as Trivikrama), Cave 3 (dedicated to Vishnu, the largest), and Cave 4 (dedicated to Jain Tirthankaras). These caves (6th-7th century CE) represent the earliest examples of Chalukya art and are precursors to the structural Chalukya temples found at Pattadakal and Aihole . The Badami cave temples are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Option (a) For bronze statues of Nataraja — Incorrect: Bronze Nataraja statues are the hallmark of the Chola dynasty (9th-13th century CE), not the Chalukyas of Badami; the lost-wax casting technique used for Chola bronzes is distinct.
Option (c) For developing Nagara style temples — Incorrect: The Chalukyas actually experimented with both Nagara (North Indian) and Dravidian (South Indian) temple styles, with their structural temples at Pattadakal showing both styles; however, they are primarily celebrated for rock-cut cave temples.
Option (d) For paintings in Ellora caves — Incorrect: Ellora caves are in Maharashtra and were excavated by the Rashtrakutas (primarily), Yadavas, and others; famous paintings at Ellora (Cave 32) are from the Rashtrakuta period, not the Chalukyas of Badami.
RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 8 May 2026 Shift 1 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q12. Which of the following sites is known for its paintings and sculptures, considered masterpieces of Buddhist art?

  1. (a) Elephanta Caves
  2. (b) Ajanta Caves
  3. (c) Bhimbetka Caves
  4. (d) Mawsmai Cave
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Ajanta Caves

Topic: Buddhist Art Heritage Sites
Ajanta Caves (Maharashtra)
30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments (2nd century BCE - 6th century CE)
Famous for exquisite murals and frescoes depicting Jataka tales
Sculptures of Buddha and Bodhisattvas - masterpieces of Buddhist art
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Other Options:
Elephanta Caves → Hindu/Shiva temples
Bhimbetka → Prehistoric rock paintings
Mawsmai → Natural limestone cave in Meghalaya
Answer: Option 2 → Ajanta Caves
RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 8 May 2026 Shift 3 · Ancient inscriptions and scripts

Q13. The inscriptions of Ashoka and Kharavela were primarily written in which of the following languages?

  1. (a) Sanskrit
  2. (b) Prakrit
  3. (c) Pali
  4. (d) Bengali
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Prakrit

Topic: Ancient Indian Inscriptions
Ashoka's Inscriptions:Written in Prakrit (Magadhi dialect)
Used Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts across India
Kharavela's Inscriptions:Hathigumpha inscription in Prakrit
Found in Udayagiri caves, Odisha
Key Fact:Prakrit was the common language of masses
Sanskrit was used later by rulers and scholars
Answer: Option 2 → Prakrit
RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 7 May 2026 Shift 2 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q14. Which of the following temples is NOT a prime example of the Dravidian style of temple architecture?

  1. (a) Gangaikondacholapuram Temple
  2. (b) Brihadeeswara Temple
  3. (c) Shore Temple
  4. (d) Siddhesvara Mahadeva Temple
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Siddhesvara Mahadeva Temple

Topic:Temple Architecture Styles
Dravidian Style Temples:
• Gangaikondacholapuram Temple - Chola dynasty, Tamil Nadu
• Brihadeeswara Temple - Chola dynasty, Thanjavur
• Shore Temple - Pallava dynasty, Mahabalipuram
Siddhesvara Mahadeva Temple:
Located in Haveri, Karnataka
Built inChalukyan/Vesara style(blend of Nagara & Dravidian)
NOT a pure Dravidian style temple
Answer: Option 4 → Siddhesvara Mahadeva Temple
SSC GD 2026 – 5 May 2026 Shift 1 · Ancient literature and authors

Q15. Which language did Jainism adopt as its sacred language in ancient India?

  1. (a) Urdu
  2. (b) Prakrit
  3. (c) Telugu
  4. (d) Bengali
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Prakrit

Correct Answer: Prakrit — Option (b)
In ancient India, Jainism adopted Prakrit as its sacred language. The Jain scriptures (Agamas) were originally composed and preserved in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit, a dialect of Middle Indo-Aryan languages. Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara and the last great teacher of Jainism, preached in Ardhamagadhi , which was the common language of the people in the Gangetic plain during the 6th century BCE. Jain scholars also used Shauraseni Prakrit for later canonical texts.
Option (a) Urdu — Incorrect: Urdu is a modern language that developed in the medieval period and has no connection to ancient Jainism.
Option (c) Telugu — Incorrect: Telugu is a Dravidian language of South India; it was not the sacred language of Jainism.
Option (d) Bengali — Incorrect: Bengali is an Indo-Aryan language of East India that developed in the medieval period; it was not the sacred language of Jainism.
SSC GD 2026 – 28 April 2026 Shift 1 · Ancient scientists and mathematicians

Q16. Who is known as the Father of Ayurveda?

  1. (a) Charaka
  2. (b) Vasudeva
  3. (c) Sushruta
  4. (d) Nagarjuna
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Charaka

Correct Answer: Charaka — Option (a)
Charaka is universally known as the 'Father of Ayurveda' (also called the Father of Indian Medicine). He lived approximately in the 1st century CE and authored the 'Charaka Samhita', one of the most foundational texts of Ayurveda. The Charaka Samhita is a comprehensive treatise on internal medicine ( Kayachikitsa ) covering: Eight branches of Ayurveda; Diagnosis and treatment of diseases; Pharmacology and medicinal plants; Pathology and anatomy; Ethics of medical practice. Key contributions of Charaka: He emphasized that a physician must understand the root cause of disease ( karan ) before prescribing treatment; He documented the importance of diet and lifestyle in maintaining health; He mentioned the concepts of digestion, metabolism, and immunity. Charaka Samhita was later translated into Arabic, Tibetan, and Latin, influencing global medicine.
Option (b) Vasudeva — Incorrect: Vasudeva is primarily known in Hindu tradition as the father of Lord Krishna, not as a figure associated with Ayurveda; the Father of Ayurveda is Charaka.
Option (c) Sushruta — Incorrect: While Sushruta is an extremely important figure in ancient Indian medicine, he is known as the 'Father of Surgery' (not Ayurveda) for his work 'Sushruta Samhita', which details surgical procedures, instruments, and techniques including plastic surgery.
Option (d) Nagarjuna — Incorrect: Nagarjuna is associated with Rasashastra (Ayurvedic alchemy and metallurgy) and Buddhist philosophy; he is not known as the Father of Ayurveda, which is the title given to Charaka.
RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 27 March 2026 Shift 2 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q17. Which of the following temples is an example of Dravidian architecture?

  1. (a) Meenakshi Temple, Madurai
  2. (b) Lingaraja Temple, Bhubaneshwar
  3. (c) Sun Temple, Konark
  4. (d) Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, Madhya Pradesh
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Meenakshi Temple, Madurai

Topic: Temple Architecture Styles
Dravidian Architecture:South Indian style with pyramid-shaped towers (vimanas), gopurams, and pillared halls.
Meenakshi Temple, Madurai:Classic Dravidian style temple in Tamil Nadu with towering gopurams.
Other Options:
Lingaraja & Sun Temple → Kalinga style (Odisha)
Kandariya Mahadeva → Nagara style (North India)
Answer: Option 1 → Meenakshi Temple, Madurai
RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 25 March 2026 Shift 2 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q18. What is a significant feature of Indian architecture related to caves?

  1. (a) Excavation of caves for religious purposes
  2. (b) Use of marble in construction
  3. (c) Influence of European architecture
  4. (d) Development of skyscrapers
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Excavation of caves for religious purposes

Topic: Indian Cave Architecture
Significant Feature:
Rock-cut cave temples excavated for religious purposes
Major examples: Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta caves
Key Facts:
Buddhist, Hindu, Jain monasteries and temples
Dating from 2nd century BCE to 10th century CE
Carved directly into rock faces for worship and meditation
Answer: Option 1 → Excavation of caves for religious purposes
RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 19 March 2026 Shift 1 · Ancient coins and economy

Q19. What was the role of guilds ( shrenis ) in post-Gupta India?

  1. (a) Administration
  2. (b) Religious reforms
  3. (c) Regulated trade and crafts
  4. (d) Military service
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Regulated trade and crafts

Topic: Guilds ( Shrenis ) in Post-Gupta India
Key Facts:
Shrenis were professional associations of merchants, artisans and craftsmen.
They regulated trade practices, quality standards, and prices of goods.
Guilds also provided training, settled disputes, and protected members' interests.
They functioned as economic organizations, not administrative or military bodies.
Answer: Option 3 → Regulated trade and crafts
RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 19 March 2026 Shift 2 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q20. Which feature of the 10th-century CE Lingaraja Temple in Bhubaneswar reflects the Nagara architectural style?

  1. (a) Curvilinear shikhara tower
  2. (b) Stepped pyramid vimana
  3. (c) Ornate gopuram entrance
  4. (d) Circular stupa dome
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Curvilinear shikhara tower

Topic: Lingaraja Temple Architecture
Nagara Style Features:
• Curvilinear shikhara (tower) rising above sanctum
• Beehive-shaped spire with curved profile
• Predominant in North & East India temples
Other Styles:
• Stepped pyramid vimana → Dravida style (South)
• Ornate gopuram → Dravida style gateway
• Circular stupa dome → Buddhist architecture
Lingaraja Temple (Bhubaneswar):
Built by Jajati Keshari, Kalinga architecture
Answer: Option 1 → Curvilinear shikhara tower
RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 19 March 2026 Shift 3 · Ancient inscriptions and scripts

Q21. Who deciphered a Brahmi inscription referring king Ashoka as Devanampiya Piyadasi ?

  1. (a) R C Majumdar
  2. (b) Susan Bayly
  3. (c) Romila Thapar
  4. (d) James Princep
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) James Princep

Topic: Decipherment of Brahmi Script
James Princep (1837)- British scholar and numismatist who successfully deciphered the Brahmi script.
He identified 'Devanampiya Piyadasi' (Beloved of Gods, Pleasant to Behold) as the title used byKing Ashokain his inscriptions.
This breakthrough opened the study of Mauryan history and Ashoka's edicts across India.
Answer: Option 4 → James Princep
SSC MTS 2025 – 20 February 2026 Shift 1 · Stupas and chaityas

Q22. Which of the following is correct regarding the Buddhist Stupas?
I. They were built of huge mounds of mud.
II. They were enclosed in carefully burnt small standard bricks.

  1. (a) Only I
  2. (b) Only II
  3. (c) Both I and II
  4. (d) Neither I nor II
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Both I and II

Correct Answer: Both I and II (Option 3)
Both statements are correct about Buddhist Stupas:
Statement I – Early Buddhist stupas were indeed built of huge mounds of mud (earth). The original Sanchi stupa, for instance, was a simple mud mound constructed during Ashoka's reign.
Statement II – These mud mounds were enclosed (cased/covered) with carefully burnt small standard bricks to give them durability and structural integrity.
Both features — the core mud mound and the outer brick casing — are documented characteristics of early Buddhist stupas, making both statements correct.
SSC MTS 2025 – 19 February 2026 Shift 3 · Ancient literature and authors

Q23. Which of the following statement is correct regarding ancient Indian languages?
I. Prakrit became the sacred language of Buddhism.
II. Pali became the sacred language of Jainism

  1. (a) Only I
  2. (b) Only II
  3. (c) Both I and II
  4. (d) Neither I nor II
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Neither I nor II

Correct Answer: Neither I nor II (Option 4)
Both statements are incorrect because the languages are swapped:
Pali (not Prakrit) became the sacred language of Buddhism. The Tripitaka (Buddhist scriptures) were written in Pali.
Prakrit (not Pali) became the sacred language of Jainism. The Agamas (Jain canonical texts) were written in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit.
Since both statements have the languages reversed, neither statement is correct.
SSC MTS 2025 – 17 February 2026 Shift 1 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q24. Draupadi Ratha is a _____ type of temple.

  1. (a) chaitya
  2. (b) constructed
  3. (c) elephant-back type
  4. (d) rock cut
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) rock cut

Draupadi Ratha is a 'rock cut' (monolithic) type of temple. It is one of the famous Pancha Rathas (Five Rathas ) at Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu, carved out of a single large granite boulder during the Pallava period. It is not a chaitya (Buddhist prayer hall), not a 'constructed' temple (built by assembling stones), and not of the elephant-back type.
SSC MTS 2025 – 11 February 2026 Shift 1 · Stupas and chaityas

Q25. The Sanchi Stupa gateways are known for sculptures depicting scenes from _____.

  1. (a) Vedas
  2. (b) Ramayana
  3. (c) Mahavir Jain's life
  4. (d) Jataka stories
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Jataka stories

The correct answer is Jataka stories (Option 4). The gateways ( toranas ) of the Sanchi Stupa are richly carved with scenes from the Jataka stories — narratives of the previous lives of the Buddha. These carvings also depict episodes from the life of Buddha without showing him in human form. Option 1 (Vedas) is incorrect as Vedic scenes are not depicted. Option 2 (Ramayana) and Option 3 (Mahavir Jain's life) are also incorrect.
Delhi Police Head Constable (Ministerial) 2025-26 – 12 January 2026 Shift 2 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q26. Which of the following is true about the Vishnu Cave murals at Badami?

  1. (a) They depict Jain themes on the sanctum wall.
  2. (b) They began a new southern miniature style, unrelated to earlier art.
  3. (c) They appear on the mandapa roof and continue the Ajanta mural tradition.
  4. (d) The cave was built in the 12th century under the Cholas.
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) They appear on the mandapa roof and continue the Ajanta mural tradition.

Option 3 is correct. The Badami Cave temples (6th–8th century CE, Chalukya period) in Karnataka contain notable murals in Cave 1 (Shiva cave) and Cave 3 (Vishnu cave). The murals in the Vishnu cave appear on the mandapa (pillared hall) ceiling and walls, and they are considered stylistic continuations of the Ajanta mural tradition — featuring similar naturalistic figures, narrative scenes, and painterly techniques.
• Option 1 is wrong: The Vishnu Cave at Badami depicts Vaishnava (Vishnu/Hindu) themes, not Jain themes. Cave 4 at Badami has Jain imagery.
• Option 2 is wrong: The Badami murals do not represent a new miniature style unrelated to earlier art; they are firmly rooted in the Ajanta tradition.
• Option 4 is wrong: The Badami cave temples were built during the Chalukya period (6th–8th century CE), not the 12th century, and not under the Cholas.
Delhi Police Head Constable (Ministerial) 2025-26 – 10 January 2026 Shift 1 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q27. Which feature makes Ajanta murals architecturally significant in Indian art history?

  1. (a) Their placement in temple courtyards
  2. (b) Their Islamic miniature style
  3. (c) Their preservation inside Buddhist rock-cut caves
  4. (d) Their decoration of palace halls
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Their preservation inside Buddhist rock-cut caves

The Ajanta Caves, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Maharashtra, contain extraordinary murals that are architecturally significant because they are preserved inside Buddhist rock-cut caves carved into basalt cliffs. These 2nd century BCE to 5th century CE paintings depict Jataka tales and scenes from the life of the Buddha, representing a pinnacle of ancient Indian painting.
(1) Ajanta murals are in rock-cut Buddhist caves, not temple courtyards.
(2) Ajanta murals are ancient Buddhist art, entirely unrelated to Islamic miniature style.
(4) The Ajanta caves are rock-cut monasteries and prayer halls, not palace halls.
Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 6 January 2026 Shift 2 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q28. The Ellora caves include temples representing which religious traditions in India, spanning the 6th to 10th centuries?

  1. (a) Buddhist only
  2. (b) Hindu only
  3. (c) Jain only
  4. (d) Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain

The correct answer is (d) Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain.
The Ellora Caves (Maharashtra, UNESCO World Heritage Site) comprise 34 rock-cut cave temples representing three major Indian religions: Buddhist (Caves 1-12, approximately 5th-7th century), Hindu (Caves 13-29, 7th-9th century, including the famous Kailasa Temple — Cave 16), and Jain (Caves 30-34, 9th-11th century). This coexistence of three religious traditions makes Ellora unique.
(a) Buddhist only: Ellora does have Buddhist caves but also Hindu and Jain caves.
(b) Hindu only: While the Kailasa Temple is the most famous, Ellora also has Buddhist and Jain caves.
(c) Jain only: The Jain caves are the last of the three groups at Ellora; the complex also has Buddhist and Hindu caves.
Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 6 January 2026 Shift 3 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q29. Which rock-cut cave temple in Maharashtra exemplifies a combination of Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain architecture carved into solid rock formations?

  1. (a) Ellora
  2. (b) Meenakshi Temple
  3. (c) Konark
  4. (d) Fatehpur Sikri
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Ellora

The correct answer is (a) Ellora.
The Ellora Caves in Maharashtra (near Aurangabad) are a UNESCO World Heritage Site comprising 34 rock-cut cave temples representing three religions: Buddhist caves (1-12), Hindu caves (13-29, including the famous Kailasa Temple — Cave 16), and Jain caves (30-34), all carved between the 6th and 11th centuries.
(b) Meenakshi Temple: A famous Dravidian-style Hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu; it is a freestanding structure, not a rock-cut cave temple.
(c) Konark: Famous for the Sun Temple in Odisha, a UNESCO World Heritage Site built in the 13th century; it is a structural temple, not a rock-cut cave, and represents only Hindu architecture.
(d) Fatehpur Sikri: A Mughal architectural complex in Uttar Pradesh built by Emperor Akbar; not a rock-cut cave temple.
Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 5 January 2026 Shift 3 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q30. The term ' Vesara ' refers to an architectural style that developed in which Indian region, combining elements of North and South Indian temple designs?

  1. (a) North India
  2. (b) Deccan
  3. (c) East India
  4. (d) West India
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Deccan

The correct answer is (b) Deccan.
Vesara is a hybrid architectural style that developed in the Deccan (Deccan Plateau) region, combining elements of the Nagara (North Indian) style and the Dravidian (South Indian) style. The Chalukya , Rashtrakuta, and Hoysala dynasties developed this eclectic style. Temples at Aihole , Badami, and Pattadakal are classic examples.
(a) North India: North India developed the Nagara style of temple architecture with tall curvilinear shikhara; not the Vesara hybrid style.
(c) East India: The Eastern style (Kalinga architecture) developed in Odisha; different from the Vesara hybrid.
(d) West India: The Solanki/Maru-Gurjara style developed in Gujarat and Rajasthan; distinct from the Deccan Vesara style.
Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 29 December 2025 Shift 2 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q31. Which architectural style characterizes the temples of South India, featuring pyramidal 'Gopurams' (gateway towers) and elaborate sculptures?

  1. (a) Dravida
  2. (b) Arsha
  3. (c) Mandir
  4. (d) Purna
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Dravida

The Dravida style (Dravidian style) is the classical temple architecture of South India, characterised by pyramidal Gopurams (towering gateways), square-shaped sanctuaries (Garbhagriha), mandapams (pillared halls), and temple tanks within walled complexes. Famous examples include Brihadeeswarar Temple (Thanjavur), Meenakshi Amman Temple (Madurai), and Tirupati Venkateswara Temple.
(b) Incorrect: 'Arsha' is not a recognised Indian temple architectural style.
(c) Incorrect: 'Mandir' simply means temple in Hindi; it is not a specific architectural style.
(d) Incorrect: 'Purna' is not an established category of Indian temple architecture.
Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 24 December 2025 Shift 1 · Stupas and chaityas

Q32. Which of the following was the primary focus of Buddhist architecture and sculpture during the second century B.C.E.?

  1. (a) Development of Hindu temples
  2. (b) Construction of Stupas, Chaitya halls, and caves
  3. (c) Expansion of Jain rock-cut temples
  4. (d) Creation of large-scale Mauryan sculptures
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Construction of Stupas, Chaitya halls, and caves

The correct answer is Construction of Stupas, Chaitya halls, and caves (Option 2).
During the second century B.C.E., Buddhist architecture focused on constructing Stupas (dome-shaped reliquary mounds), Chaitya halls (prayer/assembly halls), and rock-cut caves. Notable examples include the Sanchi Stupa, the Bharhut Stupa, and the early cave complexes at Ajanta and Bhaja.
Option 1 - Development of Hindu temples: Structural Hindu temples began to appear only later (around the Gupta period, 4th-6th century CE); they were not the focus of the second century B.C.E.
Option 3 - Expansion of Jain rock-cut temples: Jain cave temples were constructed in this period but were not the primary focus of Buddhist art and architecture.
Option 4 - Large-scale Mauryan sculptures: Mauryan imperial sculpture (Ashokan pillars) predates the second century B.C.E.; the focus during 2nd century B.C.E. was more on community-based Buddhist monuments.
SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 11 December 2025 Shift 1 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q33. Which of the following ancient Indian sites is famous for its chaityas and viharas carved into rock?

  1. (a) Ajanta
  2. (b) Thanjavur
  3. (c) Mahabalipuram
  4. (d) Hampi
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Ajanta

Correct Answer: Ajanta (Option 1)
The Ajanta Caves (Maharashtra) are rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments dating from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 CE. They contain chaityas (prayer halls) and viharas (monasteries) carved into volcanic rock, along with famous Buddhist murals and sculptures. The site is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Thanjavur (Tanjore) is famous for the Brihadeeswarar Temple, a Chola-era structural temple.
Mahabalipuram is known for shore temples and rathas (structural rock-cut monuments) built by the Pallavas.
Hampi is the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire, known for structural temples and monuments.
SSC Stenographer 2025 – 7 December 2025 Shift 1 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q34. Consider the following statements about Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves:
1. These caves are near Bhubaneswar and were meant for Jain monks.
2. All caves are shaped like flowers and are carved from independent boulders.
3. Each cave has multiple shrines dedicated to different Buddhist deities.
Which of the above is/are correct?

  1. (a) Only 1
  2. (b) All 1, 2, and 3 are correct
  3. (c) 2 and 3 Only
  4. (d) 1 and 2 Only
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Only 1

The Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves , located near Bhubaneswar in Odisha , were carved during the reign of Kharavela (1st century BCE) of the Mahameghavahana dynasty. These caves were primarily meant for Jain monks to live and meditate. Among the caves, Udayagiri (Hill of Sunrise) has 18 caves and Khandagiri has 15 caves. The caves contain inscriptions, reliefs, and carvings related to Jainism , including depictions of Tirthankaras. Statement 1 is correct because they were indeed meant for Jain monks. Statement 2 is incorrect because the caves are not flower-shaped; instead, they are rock-cut structures carved into hillsides. Statement 3 is also incorrect because the caves are Jain monuments, not dedicated to Buddhist deities. Hence, only Statement 1 is correct.
SSC Stenographer 2025 – 7 December 2025 Shift 3 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q35. The Vesara style of temple architecture is a combination of which two styles?

  1. (a) Mughal and Dravidian
  2. (b) Nagara and Gothic
  3. (c) Dravidian and Nagara
  4. (d) Gandhara and French
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Dravidian and Nagara

The correct answer is option 3. The Vesara style of temple architecture is a unique blend of the Dravidian style of South India and the Nagara style of North India. This hybrid form developed mainly under the rule of the Chalukyas of Badami and later flourished under the Rashtrakutas and Hoysalas in the Deccan region. The Vesara style temples typically combine the curvilinear shikhara of the Nagara style with the intricate, elaborate designs and pyramidal vimanas of the Dravidian style. This made Vesara a distinctive architectural tradition in Indian temple history.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 29 November 2025 Shift 1 · Stupas and chaityas

Q36. What was the main function of 'Chaityas' in Buddhist architecture?

  1. (a) Living quarters for monks
  2. (b) Storehouses for grains
  3. (c) Decorative gateways to monasteries
  4. (d) Congregational halls for teaching and interaction
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Congregational halls for teaching and interaction

Chaityas were congregational halls in Buddhist architecture used for prayer, meditation, and teaching.
Viharas were the living quarters for monks; Storehouses and decorative gateways are not the primary function of Chaityas. Hence, Congregational halls for teaching and interaction is correct.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 26 November 2025 Shift 2 · Ancient literature and authors

Q37. Which of the following text was written by Banabhatta?

  1. (a) Dhatupatha
  2. (b) Kadambari
  3. (c) Ritusamhara
  4. (d) Raghuvamsha
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Kadambari

Kadambari is a celebrated Sanskrit prose romance written by Banabhatta, a 7th-century Sanskrit prose writer who was the court poet of King Harsha. It is considered one of the greatest works of Sanskrit literature. Banabhatta also wrote ' Harshacharita ', a biography of King Harsha.
Dhatupatha is associated with grammatical works; Ritusamhara and Raghuvamsha are compositions of the poet Kalidasa, not Banabhatta . Hence, Kadambari is correct.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 22 November 2025 Shift 2 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q38. In Dravida style of architecture, the front wall has an entrance gateway in its centre, which is known as a _____.

  1. (a) Gopuram
  2. (b) Pada
  3. (c) Prastara
  4. (d) Griva
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Gopuram

In Dravida (South Indian) style of temple architecture, the entrance gateway tower at the centre of the enclosure wall is called Gopuram. It is a tall ornate tower seen in South Indian temples (e.g., Meenakshi Temple, Madurai).
Pada: column/foot of a pillar; Prastara: entablature (horizontal band above columns); Griva: neck of the temple spire.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 21 November 2025 Shift 3 · Ancient literature and authors

Q39. Which ancient Sanskrit grammarian lived during the time of the Nandas ?

  1. (a) 1. Kalidasa
  2. (b) 2. Aryabhata
  3. (c) 3. Panini
  4. (d) 4. Patanjali
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 3. Panini

Panini, the renowned ancient Sanskrit grammarian who wrote the Ashtadhyayi (a comprehensive Sanskrit grammar with ~4,000 sutras), is believed to have lived during the time of the Nanda dynasty (4th century BCE). Kalidasa was a classical poet of the Gupta era. Aryabhata was a mathematician-astronomer of the 5th century CE. Patanjali, author of the Yoga Sutras and a commentary on Panini, lived later. Hence option 3 is correct.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 19 November 2025 Shift 2 · Ancient scientists and mathematicians

Q40. Which 7th-century mathematician and astronomer revolutionized the study of numbers?

  1. (a) Patanjali
  2. (b) Salim Ali
  3. (c) Brahmagupta
  4. (d) Srikrishna
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Brahmagupta

Correct Answer: Brahmagupta (Option 3)
Brahmagupta (598-668 CE) was a 7th-century Indian mathematician and astronomer who revolutionized the study of numbers. He was the first to give rules for computing with zero, defined rules for operating with negative numbers, and made significant contributions to algebra, geometry, and number theory. His key works include ' Brahmasphutasiddhanta ' (628 CE).
Why others are wrong:
Option 1 - Patanjali: He was an ancient Indian scholar who compiled the Yoga Sutras and contributed to Sanskrit grammar; he was not a 7th-century mathematician.
Option 2 - Salim Ali: He was a 20th-century Indian ornithologist (birdwatcher) known as the 'Birdman of India'.
Option 4 - Srikrishna: Lord Krishna is a Hindu deity, not a mathematician or astronomer.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 17 November 2025 Shift 1 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q41. In the context of Hindu temple architecture, the place where the main idol of a deity is placed is known as _____.

  1. (a) Garbhagriha
  2. (b) Mandapa
  3. (c) Shikhara
  4. (d) Vaahan
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Garbhagriha

In Hindu temple architecture, the Garbhagriha (literally meaning 'womb chamber' or 'sanctum sanctorum') is the innermost and most sacred chamber of a temple where the main idol (murti) of the presiding deity is installed. Devotees are generally not allowed inside this chamber. Why other options are wrong: Option 2 - Mandapa: The pillared hall or porch attached to the main temple, where worshippers assemble. Option 3 - Shikhara: The curvilinear tower or spire built over the Garbhagriha; it is the architectural crown of the temple. Option 4 - Vaahan: The divine vehicle or mount of a deity (e.g., Nandi for Shiva, Garuda for Vishnu), not a place.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 13 November 2025 Shift 2 · Ancient literature and authors

Q42. The ' Charaksamhita ' is a treatise on which of the following subjects?

  1. (a) Medicine
  2. (b) Astronomy
  3. (c) Architecture
  4. (d) Mathematics
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Medicine

The Charaksamhita (Charaka Samhita) is one of the foundational texts of Ayurveda — the ancient Indian system of medicine. Attributed to the physician Charaka, it covers topics such as physiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. Why others are wrong: - Astronomy: The classical text for astronomy is Aryabhatiya by Aryabhata. - Architecture: Vastu Shastra and Manasara are texts on architecture. - Mathematics: Texts like Brahmasphutasiddhanta or Lilavati deal with mathematics.
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 24 September 2025 Shift 1 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q43. The rock-cut Kailasa temple at Ellora was carved out of how many rocks?

  1. (a) One single rock
  2. (b) Cement blocks
  3. (c) Three adjoining rocks
  4. (d) A cluster of stones
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) One single rock

The Kailasa Temple (Cave 16) at Ellora, built by Rashtrakuta king Krishna I in the 8th century, is the world's largest monolithic rock-cut temple.
It was carved out of a single rock of basalt by removing about 2 lakh tonnes of stone.
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 23 September 2025 Shift 1 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q44. In the Nagara temple, which element is the projecting central offset of the wall face?

  1. (a) Karna Sringa
  2. (b) Pratiratha
  3. (c) Anuratha
  4. (d) Bhadra
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Bhadra

In Nagara temple architecture, Bhadra is the central projecting offset of the wall face. Karna = corner projection.
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 23 September 2025 Shift 2 · Ancient literature and authors

Q45. Which of the following scholars wrote the Ashtanga Sangraha?

  1. (a) Charaka
  2. (b) Sushruta
  3. (c) Bhaskaracharya
  4. (d) Vagbhata
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Vagbhata

The Ashtanga Sangraha is a classical Ayurvedic text authored by Vagbhata, who lived in the 6th century CE.
Charaka wrote Charaka Samhita and Sushruta wrote Sushruta Samhita.
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 22 September 2025 Shift 2 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q46. Which of the following temple architectural features is characteristic of the Nagara style, especially found in central and northern India?

  1. (a) Vimana
  2. (b) Shikhara
  3. (c) Mandapa with barrel vaults
  4. (d) Gopuram
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Shikhara

The Nagara (North Indian) style is marked by a curvilinear tower called the Shikhara.
Vimana (pyramidal tower) and Gopuram (gateway tower) belong to the Dravidian style.
Hence Shikhara is the Nagara feature.
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 20 September 2025 Shift 1 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q47. What is the main tower of a Dravida-style temple known as?

  1. (a) Shikhara
  2. (b) Vihara
  3. (c) Gopuram
  4. (d) Vimana
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Vimana

- In Dravida (South Indian) temple architecture, the main tower over the garbhagriha (sanctum) is called Vimana.
- Gopuram is the gateway tower at the entrance, not the main tower.
- Shikhara is the term used in Nagara (North Indian) style.
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 20 September 2025 Shift 2 · Sculpture and metal casting (bronzes, terracotta)

Q48. Read the below statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark the correct option:
Assertion(A): The sculptures of the Nalanda School are three-dimensional and delicately ornamented.
Reason(R): The Nalanda sculptural tradition was influenced by Sarnath, local Bihar styles, and central Indian art.

  1. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
  2. (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
  3. (c) A is true, but R is false.
  4. (d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Nalanda School sculptures are indeed three-dimensional with delicate ornamentation.The Nalanda style was influenced by Sarnath traditions, local Bihar styles and central Indian art, which led to the unique three-dimensional and ornamented character.
Thus,R correctly explains A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation.
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 19 September 2025 Shift 2 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q49. What is the typical base design of the simplest Nagara-style shikhara?

  1. (a) Circular base with domes
  2. (b) Square base with curving walls
  3. (c) Triangular base with garden
  4. (d) Rectangular base with domes
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Square base with curving walls

The simplest Nagara-style shikhara has a square base with curvilinear (inward-curving) walls rising to a point.
It is the basic 'latina' or rekha-prasada form of North-Indian temple architecture.
Hence the correct answer is square base with curving walls.
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 19 September 2025 Shift 3 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q50. Read the following statements and choose the correct option:
Statement1: The amalaka sits atop the shikhara in Nagara-style temples.
Statement2: In Drāviḍa-style temples, the vimana refers to the gateway tower (gopuram).

  1. (a) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct
  2. (b) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are incorrect
  3. (c) Statement 1 is correct, but Statement 2 is incorrect
  4. (d) Statement 1 is incorrect, but Statement 2 is correct
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Statement 1 is correct, but Statement 2 is incorrect

Statement 1 is correct — the amalaka (ribbed stone disc) sits atop the shikhara in Nagara temples.
Statement 2 is incorrect — in Dravida temples, the vimana is the tower over the sanctum, not the gopuram (gateway tower).
Hence Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is incorrect.
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 18 September 2025 Shift 2 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q51. Which of the following pairs of temple style & region arecorrectlymatched?
1. Vesara – Deccan
2. Rekha-Deul – Odisha
3. Bhumija – Malwa
4. Kalinga – Tamil Nadu

  1. (a) 1 & 2 only
  2. (b) 1, 2 & 3 are correct
  3. (c) 2 & 4 only
  4. (d) only 1
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 1, 2 & 3 are correct

Vesara is the hybrid style of the Deccan ✓ .
Rekha-Deul is the typical Odisha temple style ✓ .
Bhumija style developed in Malwa region ✓ .
Kalinga belongs to Odisha, not Tamil Nadu ✗ .
Hence 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 14 September 2025 Shift 3 · Stupas and chaityas

Q52. Given below are two statements:
Statement I: The harmika of a stupa is the symbolic abode of the gods, located at the top.
Statement II: The harmika is where relics of the Buddha were usually kept.
Which of the following statements is/are correct?

  1. (a) Both statements are true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I
  2. (b) Both statements are true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I
  3. (c) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
  4. (d) Statement II is true but Statement I is false
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Statement I is true but Statement II is false

The harmika is a railing or balcony-like structure at the top of a stupa. It symbolizes the abode of the gods. Statement I is CORRECT.
Relics of the Buddha were kept in the anda (the dome/drum), NOT in the harmika. Statement II is INCORRECT.
Answer: Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 13 September 2025 Shift 2 · Stupas and chaityas

Q53. Arrange the following sites in chronological order based on the stylistic development of Buddhist sculpture:
a) Mathura b) Bharhut c) Sanchi Stupa-1

  1. (a) b-c-a
  2. (b) c-a-b
  3. (c) c-b-a
  4. (d) a-c-b
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) b-c-a

• Chronological order of Buddhist sculpture:
• Bharhut (b): 2nd century BCE — earliest, aniconic representation, no human form of Buddha
• Sanchi Stupa-1 (c): 1st century BCE to 1st century CE — transitional phase
• Mathura (a): 1st–3rd century CE — first anthropomorphic Buddha images in India
• Order: Bharhut → Sanchi → Mathura = b-c-a
• Answer: b-c-a
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 12 September 2025 Shift 1 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q54. Which of the following features distinguishes the Elephanta Caves from other rock-cut sites of early India?

  1. (a) They are primarily Buddhist caves with large stupas.
  2. (b) The caves focus on Shaivite themes and feature sculptural depth through light and shadow.
  3. (c) They contain a mix of Jain and Vaishnavite depictions in pillar halls.
  4. (d) The caves are entirely monolithic structures from the Mauryan period.
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) The caves focus on Shaivite themes and feature sculptural depth through light and shadow.

Elephanta Caves are a Shaivite rock-cut complex (Trimurti, etc.) renowned for sculptural depth and use of light and shadow.
Option 1 is wrong — they are not Buddhist.
Option 3 is wrong — they are not Jain/Vaishnavite.
Option 4 is wrong — they are not Mauryan.
Hence, the answer is option 2.
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 12 September 2025 Shift 3 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q55. Which of the following pairs is correctly matched with the shape of its roof?

  1. (a) Latina — rectangular, wagon-shaped
  2. (b) Phamsana — slabs rising to a point, straight incline
  3. (c) Valabhi — tall, curving inward sharply
  4. (d) Latina — low and broad with stepped roofing
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Phamsana — slabs rising to a point, straight incline

• Temple shikhara (roof) types in Indian architecture:
• Latina: Curvilinear shikhara, tall tower curving inward — option A and D are incorrect descriptions.
• Phamsana : Consists of slabs that rise to a point with straight incline — this is CORRECT ✓
• Valabhi: Wagon-shaped (barrel roof), not curving inward sharply.
• Correct pair: Phamsana — slabs rising to a point, straight incline.
RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 9 September 2025 Shift 2 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q56. Which of the following styles of temple architecture is predominantly found in North India?

  1. (a) Vesara
  2. (b) Dravidian
  3. (c) Nagara
  4. (d) Baroque
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Nagara

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 9 September 2025 Shift 3 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q57. The artistic and architectural style evident in the Bagh Caves of Madhya Pradesh, India, is predominantly associated with which of the following faiths?

  1. (a) Buddhism
  2. (b) Hinduism
  3. (c) Jainism
  4. (d) Islam
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Buddhism

SSC Selection Post 2025 (Phase XIII) – 29 August 2025 Shift 1 · Stupas and chaityas

Q58. Read the below statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark the correct options:
Assertion (A): Post-Mauryan Buddhist stupas show regional variations in form, such as cruciform bases and pyramidal superstructures.
Reason (R): Use of diverse local materials and building techniques led to the emergence of distinct stupa styles across regions.

  1. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
  2. (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
  3. (c) A is true, but R is false
  4. (d) Both A and R are false
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Correct Answer: Option 1 – Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Assertion (A) is TRUE: Post-Mauryan stupas indeed show significant regional variations. The Gandhara school produced stupas with drum-like bases on high plinths; Amaravati stupas in the south feature distinctive limestone carvings and unique medallion art; stupas in Southeast Asia and Central Asia developed cruciform bases, pyramidal superstructures, and other locally adapted forms.
Reason (R) is TRUE: The use of locally available materials — limestone in Andhra, schist and stucco in Gandhara, brick in the Gangetic plains — along with regional building traditions directly shaped distinct stupa styles. Different craftsmen guilds adapting pan-Indian Buddhist iconography to local techniques produced the regional diversity observed.
R correctly explains A: The regional diversity in stupa form (Assertion) is directly caused by the use of diverse local materials and techniques (Reason) — making R the correct explanation of A.
RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 29 August 2025 Shift 1 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q59. The Kailasa Temple at Ellora is an example of which of the following types of architecture?

  1. (a) Islamic architecture
  2. (b) Colonial architecture
  3. (c) Wooden architecture
  4. (d) Rock-cut architecture
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Rock-cut architecture

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 29 August 2025 Shift 2 · Stupas and chaityas

Q60. During which period of Indian history were the stupas of Sanchi and Sarnath built, reflecting its architectural style?

  1. (a) Gupta rule
  2. (b) Vakataka rule
  3. (c) Mauryan rule
  4. (d) Kushan rule
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Mauryan rule

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 21 August 2025 Shift 2 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q61. What is the total number of cave structures at the Ajanta Caves location in Maharashtra, India, including the one that was never completed?

  1. (a) Thirty
  2. (b) Thirty-one
  3. (c) Thirty-two
  4. (d) Twenty-nine
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Thirty

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 20 August 2025 Shift 1 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q62. During which of the following dynasties was the Kailasa Temple at Ellora built?

  1. (a) Rashtrakutas
  2. (b) Pallavas
  3. (c) Cholas
  4. (d) Chalukyas
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Rashtrakutas

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 18 August 2025 Shift 2 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q63. Which of the following is a common feature of Dravidian temples?

  1. (a) Gopuram
  2. (b) Flat roof
  3. (c) Pillar-less halls
  4. (d) Shikhara
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Gopuram

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 8 August 2025 Shift 3 · Stupas and chaityas

Q64. What is a notable characteristic of the carvings found at the entrances of the Sanchi Stupa?

  1. (a) Mauryan royal figures
  2. (b) Buddha's post-enlightenment life
  3. (c) Jataka story narratives
  4. (d) Mythical creatures like yakshas and kinnaras
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Jataka story narratives

SSC Selection Post 2025 (Phase XIII) – 2 August 2025 Shift 3 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q65. Read the below statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark the correct options:
Assertion (A): Ajanta is the only surviving site that contains paintings from both the first century BCE and the fifth century CE.
Reason (R): Ajanta has chaitya caves from the early phase and only vihara-chaitya caves from the later phase.

  1. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
  2. (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
  3. (c) A is true, but R is false
  4. (d) A is false, but R is true
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) A is true, but R is false

Correct Answer: Option 3 – A is true, but R is false
Assertion A is TRUE: Ajanta Caves indeed contain paintings from two distinct periods — the early Hinayana phase (circa 2nd century BCE to 1st century CE) and the later Mahayana/Gupta phase (circa 5th–6th century CE). It is the only site with surviving paintings from both these eras.
Reason R is FALSE: The later phase of Ajanta (Gupta period) included BOTH vihara (monastery) caves AND chaitya (prayer hall) caves — it did not have 'only vihara-chaitya caves.' For example, Caves 19 and 26 are chaitya halls from the later phase. The description is inaccurate.
Since A is true but R is false, the correct answer is Option 3 (C).
SSC Selection Post 2025 (Phase XIII) – 31 July 2025 Shift 2 · Sculpture and metal casting (bronzes, terracotta)

Q66. Which metal casting technique was mastered by ancient Indian sculptors?

  1. (a) Hammer forging
  2. (b) Die-casting
  3. (c) Cire-perdue
  4. (d) Sand casting
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Cire-perdue

Correct Answer: Option 3 – Cire-perdue
Cire-perdue (French for 'lost-wax casting') is the metal casting technique mastered by ancient Indian sculptors. In this technique: a wax model of the sculpture is created; it is encased in clay and fired; the wax melts and flows out ('lost wax') leaving a mould ; molten metal (bronze, brass, or copper) is poured in; after cooling, the clay mould is broken, revealing the cast metal sculpture. Indian sculptors have used this technique for thousands of years — the famous Nataraja (Dancing Shiva) bronze sculptures of the Chola period (9th–12th centuries CE) are supreme examples. This technique was also used in the Indus Valley Civilization (Dancing Girl statue, c. 2300 BCE).
Option 1 (Hammer forging): A metalworking technique for shaping metal by hammering — not the primary ancient Indian sculptural casting technique.
Option 2 (Die-casting): A modern industrial process using reusable metal dies and high-pressure injection — not available in ancient India.
Option 4 (Sand casting): Uses sand moulds — while used in some traditional metalwork, Cire-perdue is the technique specifically celebrated for Indian bronze sculptures.
SSC Selection Post 2025 (Phase XIII) – 31 July 2025 Shift 3 · Stupas and chaityas

Q67. Given below are two statements:
Statement I: The construction of Stupas, Chaityas, and Viharas became a significant trend during 200 B.C.–300 A.D.
Statement II: These structures were primarily secular in nature and excluded religious significance.
Which of the following statements is/are correct?

  1. (a) Both statements are true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
  2. (b) Both statements are true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I.
  3. (c) Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
  4. (d) Both statements are false.
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Correct Answer: Option 3 – Statement I is true but Statement II is false
Statement I (TRUE): The construction of Stupas (burial/relic mounds), Chaityas (prayer halls), and Viharas (monasteries) was indeed a major architectural trend during approximately 200 BCE–300 CE — the period corresponding to Buddhist patronage under rulers like Ashoka ( Mauryas ), Satavahanas, Kushanas , and early Guptas. Famous examples: Sanchi Stupa (Mauryan period), Ajanta and Ellora chaityas/viharas.
Statement II (FALSE): These structures were NOT secular — they were deeply religious Buddhist monuments. Stupas enshrined relics of the Buddha or Buddhist saints and were objects of veneration; Chaityas were Buddhist prayer halls with a stupa at the far end; Viharas were monasteries for Buddhist monks to live and study. These are quintessentially religious/sacred structures. Statement II is entirely incorrect.
SSC Selection Post 2025 (Phase XIII) – 28 July 2025 Shift 3 · Stupas and chaityas

Q68. Read the below statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark the correct options:
Assertion (A): Artists of the period 200 B.C. – 300 A.D. often carved nature-inspired scenes on Stupas.
Reason (R): These carvings were part of secular artistic expression blended with religious themes.

  1. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
  2. (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
  3. (c) A is true, but R is false
  4. (d) A is false, but R is true
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Correct Answer: Option 1 – Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Assertion (A) is TRUE: During 200 BCE – 300 CE (early Buddhist art period), artists at Sanchi, Bharhut, Amaravati, and Nagarjunakonda carved extensive nature-inspired scenes on stupa railings, toranas (gateways), and panels — including trees, animals (elephants, lions, horses), rivers, lotus flowers, and yaksha/yakshi figures from nature.
Reason (R) is TRUE: These nature-inspired carvings reflect a blend of secular folk art traditions (fertility symbols, yaksha worship, nature spirits) with religious Buddhist themes. Early Buddhist art avoided direct depiction of the Buddha (aniconic period) and instead used symbolic and nature-based imagery, making R an accurate description of the artistic philosophy.
R correctly explains A: The prevalence of nature scenes on stupas is precisely because artists were blending secular folk traditions with Buddhist religious expression — making R the correct explanation of why such nature-inspired scenes were carved.
SSC Selection Post 2025 (Phase XIII) – 26 July 2025 Shift 2 · Stupas and chaityas

Q69. The famous Sanchi Stupa is associated with which ancient architectural tradition?

  1. (a) Hindu
  2. (b) Jain
  3. (c) Buddhist
  4. (d) Mughal
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Buddhist

Correct Answer: Option 3 – Buddhist
The Sanchi Stupa in Madhya Pradesh is one of the oldest stone structures in India and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (1989). It is associated with Buddhist architectural tradition. The Great Stupa at Sanchi was originally commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE to enshrine relics of the Buddha. It features elaborate carved gateways (toranas) depicting scenes from the Buddha's life and Jataka tales.
Option 1 (Hindu): Hindu architecture is characterized by temple towers (shikharas), mandapas, and sanctum sanctorums; the Sanchi Stupa is Buddhist.
Option 2 (Jain): Jain architecture features distinctive stepped pyramidal towers; the Sanchi Stupa is not a Jain monument.
Option 4 (Mughal): Mughal architecture (domes, minarets, pietra dura) developed in the 16th–17th centuries CE; over 1,800 years after Sanchi.
RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 24 June 2025 Shift 1 · Stupas and chaityas

Q70. Which of the following stupas marks the spot where Buddha gave his first sermon?

  1. (a) Mahabodhi stupa
  2. (b) Dhamek stupa
  3. (c) Amravati stupa
  4. (d) Sanchi stupa
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Dhamek stupa

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 24 June 2025 Shift 2 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q71. The Bagh caves, which contain Buddhist mural paintings, are located in which of the following states of India?

  1. (a) Karnataka
  2. (b) Madhya Pradesh
  3. (c) Orissa
  4. (d) Maharashtra
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Madhya Pradesh

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 21 June 2025 Shift 2 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q72. The Badami caves in Karnataka have been built by which of the following rulers?

  1. (a) Mauryas
  2. (b) Chalukyas
  3. (c) Pallavas
  4. (d) Pandyas
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Chalukyas

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 21 June 2025 Shift 1 · Ancient inscriptions and scripts

Q73. The Mauryan period saw the development of which script for inscriptions?

  1. (a) Brahmi
  2. (b) Pali
  3. (c) Kharosthi
  4. (d) Grantha
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Brahmi

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 20 June 2025 Shift 3 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q74. Which part of a Hindu temple serves as the innermost chamber for the primary deity?

  1. (a) Shikhara
  2. (b) Kalasha
  3. (c) Garbhagriha
  4. (d) Jagati
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Garbhagriha

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 20 June 2025 Shift 3 · Ancient inscriptions and scripts

Q75. The Harsha inscription of 554 CE mentions the rise of Yajnavarman from which place?

  1. (a) Kannouj
  2. (b) Magadha
  3. (c) Gaya
  4. (d) Thanesar
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Gaya

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 19 June 2025 Shift 1 · Stupas and chaityas

Q76. The relics of Buddha are found inside which of the following Buddhist architectures?

  1. (a) Stupas
  2. (b) Chaitya Halls
  3. (c) Rock Edicts
  4. (d) Ashokan Pillars
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Stupas

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 18 June 2025 Shift 2 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q77. Which of the following caves are famous for its high citadel?

  1. (a) Ellora caves
  2. (b) Junagadh caves
  3. (c) Sudama caves
  4. (d) Bagh caves
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Junagadh caves

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 17 June 2025 Shift 2 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q78. The largest monolithic rock structure in the world, the Kailasa Temple, is situated in which of the following caves?

  1. (a) Bagh caves
  2. (b) Ellora caves
  3. (c) Ajanta caves
  4. (d) Junagadh caves
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Ellora caves

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 17 June 2025 Shift 2 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q79. What is the name of the pillared hall at the front of a Hindu temple where devotees gather?

  1. (a) Antarala
  2. (b) Mandapa
  3. (c) Amalaka
  4. (d) Garbhagriha
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Mandapa

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 13 June 2025 Shift 1 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q80. What kind of architectural style is seen in the shikharas of the Jageshwar temple complexes in Uttarakhand, India?

  1. (a) Curvilinear shikharas
  2. (b) Buddhist stupas
  3. (c) Pyramidal towers
  4. (d) Flat brick shikharas
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Curvilinear shikharas

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 12 June 2025 Shift 2 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q81. 'The Flying Apsara' painting is a masterpiece in which of the following caves?

  1. (a) Karle
  2. (b) Ajanta
  3. (c) Elephanta
  4. (d) Ellora
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Ajanta

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 12 June 2025 Shift 2 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q82. The famous 'Trimurti' sculpture is present in which of the following caves?

  1. (a) Karle caves
  2. (b) Ajanta caves
  3. (c) Ellora caves
  4. (d) Elephanta caves
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Elephanta caves

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 10 June 2025 Shift 1 · Cave architecture (Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, etc.)

Q83. The 'Reclining Statue of Lord Vishnu' is found in which of the following caves?

  1. (a) Undavalli caves
  2. (b) Elephanta caves
  3. (c) Ellora caves
  4. (d) Ajanta caves
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Undavalli caves

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 5 June 2025 Shift 1 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q84. In South Indian temple architecture, what is the name of the stepped or pyramidal structure built above the sanctum?

  1. (a) Mandapa
  2. (b) Adhisthana
  3. (c) Vimana
  4. (d) Jagati
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Vimana

RRB JE CBT-1 2024-25 – 18 December 2024 Shift 1 · Temple architecture styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara)

Q85. What architectural style is the Meenakshi Amman Temple known for?

  1. (a) Gothic
  2. (b) Roman
  3. (c) Indo-Saracenic
  4. (d) Dravidian
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Dravidian

Answer: Option 4 — Dravidian
The Meenakshi Amman Temple at Madurai (Tamil Nadu) is a classic Dravidian temple, famous for its towering, richly sculpted gopurams.
Revision note — Temple architecture styles of India
• Nagara (north India): curvilinear tower called shikhara, topped by an amalaka — e.g. Kandariya Mahadeva (Khajuraho), Sun Temple (Konark).
• Dravida (south India): pyramidal tower over the sanctum called vimana, huge gateway towers called gopurams, enclosed courtyard and temple tank.
• Dravida examples: Brihadeeswara (Thanjavur) by Rajaraja Chola I, Shore Temple (Mahabalipuram), Meenakshi Temple (Madurai).
• Vesara: a blend of Nagara and Dravida, developed by the Chalukyas and later Hoysalas.
• Meenakshi Temple: originally built by the Pandyas, greatly expanded by the Nayaks (notably Thirumalai Nayak); has 14 gopurams.
• Indo-Saracenic is a colonial style (19th–20th century) — e.g. Victoria Memorial, Gateway of India, Madras High Court.
Do not mix these up
• Vimana vs gopuram — the vimana rises over the sanctum; the gopuram is the gateway tower in the outer wall.
Also asked from this topic: the Meenakshi Temple's famous feature (gigantic gopurams); its nickname (Taj Mahal of the South); the tower over a Dravida sanctum (vimana); Vesara combines (Nagara and Dravida).
RRB JE CBT-1 2024-25 – 18 December 2024 Shift 2 · Stupas and chaityas

Q86. In the context of Buddhist architecture, what is a ‘chaitya’?

  1. (a) A residential space for monks
  2. (b) A decorative column
  3. (c) A type of stupa
  4. (d) A hall for prayer and assembly
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) A hall for prayer and assembly

Answer: Option 4 — A hall for prayer and assembly
A chaitya is a Buddhist prayer hall where monks and devotees gathered; it usually has a small stupa at the far, rounded (apsidal) end.
Revision note — Buddhist architecture
• Stupa: a hemispherical mound over relics of the Buddha; parts — anda (dome), harmika (railing on top), yashti and chhatra, toranas (gateways).
• Chaitya: prayer / congregational hall; famous rock-cut chaityas at Karle (largest), Bhaja, Ajanta Caves 9, 10, 19, 26.
• Vihara: monastery — residence of monks, with cells around a central hall.
• Sanchi Stupa (Madhya Pradesh) was begun by Ashoka; its toranas show Jataka stories.
• Bharhut reliefs (2nd century BCE) → Sanchi gateways → Mathura school — the development of Buddhist sculpture.
• In early art the Buddha is shown only by symbols — empty seat, footprints, stupa, wheel, bodhi tree.
Do not mix these up
• Chaitya vs vihara — chaitya is for prayer; vihara is for living.
Also asked from this topic: the main function of chaityas (congregational halls); what the Sanchi toranas depict (Jataka stories); the stupa part that is the abode of the gods (harmika).
RRB JE CBT-1 2024-25 – 16 December 2024 Shift 2 · Stupas and chaityas

Q87. What is the primary function of ‘viharas’ in Buddhist architecture?

  1. (a) To hold public gatherings
  2. (b) To house relics
  3. (c) To serve as residential places for Buddhist priests
  4. (d) To serve as meditation halls
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) To serve as residential places for Buddhist priests

Answer: Option 3 — To serve as residential places for Buddhist priests
A vihara is a Buddhist monastery — the place where monks (bhikkhus) lived, especially during the rainy season.
Revision note — Buddhist architecture
• Stupa — a solid dome over the relics of the Buddha or a monk (e.g. Sanchi, Bharhut, Amaravati).
• Chaitya — a prayer / congregational hall, often apsidal, with a small stupa at the end (e.g. Karle, Bhaja).
• Vihara — residence of monks: cells around a central courtyard.
• Rock-cut chaityas and viharas: Ajanta, Ellora, Karle, Bhaja, Nasik.
• Great viharas became universities: Nalanda (founded by Kumaragupta I) and Vikramashila (founded by Dharmapala).
Do not mix these up
• Stupa vs chaitya vs vihara — relics, prayer hall, living quarters.
Also asked from this topic: the main function of chaityas (congregational halls); a site famous for rock-cut chaityas and viharas (Ajanta); the plan of the Panch Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri (Buddhist vihara).
RRB JE CBT-1 2024-25 – 16 December 2024 Shift 3 · Stupas and chaityas

Q88. The Great Stupa at Sanchi is an important site in which religion?

  1. (a) Hinduism
  2. (b) Islam
  3. (c) Jainism
  4. (d) Buddhism
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Buddhism

Answer: Option 4 — Buddhism
The Great Stupa (Stupa No. 1) at Sanchi is one of the oldest Buddhist monuments in India.
A stupa is a hemispherical mound built over relics of the Buddha or of Buddhist monks.
Revision note — The Great Stupa at Sanchi
• Located at Sanchi, Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh, near Vidisha.
• Begun by Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE as a brick stupa; enlarged in stone under the Shungas (2nd century BCE).
• Its four carved gateways (toranas) were added under the Satavahanas in the 1st century BCE.
• The toranas show Jataka stories and scenes from the Buddha's life; the Buddha is shown only by symbols (throne, footprints, Bodhi tree, wheel).
• A UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1989.
• Parts of a stupa: anda (dome), harmika (railed box on top), chhatra (umbrella), vedika (railing), pradakshina path.
Do not mix these up
• Stupa vs chaitya vs vihara — a stupa holds relics; a chaitya is a prayer hall; a vihara is a monastery where monks lived.
Also asked from this topic: what the Sanchi gateway carvings depict (Jataka stories); the state where the Sanchi Stupa stands (Madhya Pradesh); the ruler under whom it was begun (Ashoka).

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