India - Population and Census – Geography Questions Asked in SSC & Railway Exams (PYQs with Answers)

SSC Stenographer 2026 – 15 September 2026 Shift 1 · Population density

Q1. As per 2025 demographics, what is India's population density (people per sq. km)?

(a) 144
(b) 292
(c) 492
(d) 1275

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 492

Answer: Option 3 — 492
The UN-based estimate for 2025 puts India at about 146 crore (1.46 billion) people on a land area of about 29.7 lakh sq km, which works out to roughly 492 persons per sq km.
Census 2011 gave 382, but the two figures are not on the same base: 121.09 crore ÷ 382 means the Census divided by about 31.7 lakh sq km, while 492 uses land area only.
On the Census base, 146 crore people would give about 460 per sq km — the density has risen, but by less than the jump from 382 to 492 suggests.
Revision note — Population density of India
• Population density = population ÷ area, expressed as persons per sq km.
• Census figures: 1951 – 117, 1991 – 267, 2001 – 325, 2011 – 382 per sq km (India's total area is 32.87 lakh sq km; the Census works density out on about 31.7 lakh sq km).
• Census 2011 state extremes: highest Bihar (1,106), then West Bengal (1,028) and Kerala (860); lowest Arunachal Pradesh (17). Among UTs, Delhi (11,320) is the highest.
• India holds about 17.8 per cent of the world's people on 2.4 per cent of its land; it became the most populous country in 2023, overtaking China.
• Bangladesh (about 1,300 per sq km) is the densest large country; the world average is only about 60 per sq km.
• The next Census (Census 2027) has its reference date 1 March 2027, with house-listing from April 2026; it will be India's first digital census and the first with caste enumeration since 1931.
Do not mix these up
• Density vs growth rate — density is people per unit area; the decadal growth rate (17.7 per cent in 2001–11) is the change in numbers over ten years.
• Highest-density state vs UT — Bihar among states, Delhi among UTs.
Also asked from this topic: the meaning of population density (people per sq km; India in 2011, 382); the state at 1,106 per sq km in 2011 (Bihar; the provisional figure was 1,102); the least dense state (Arunachal Pradesh, 17).

SSC Stenographer 2026 – 15 September 2026 Shift 1 · Current population estimates and projections

Q2. As per projections, which region's share of overall Indian population is set to decrease in 2025 and beyond?

(a) Northern
(b) Western
(c) Southern
(d) Eastern

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Southern

Answer: Option 3 — Southern
The five southern states — Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana — reached below-replacement fertility (TFR under 2.1) years ago, so their populations are growing slowly and ageing.
The northern and central states (Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan) still have higher fertility, so the South's share of the national total keeps falling even as its numbers inch up.
Revision note — India's demographic divide
• NFHS-5 (2019–21) put India's TFR at 2.0, below the replacement level of 2.1 for the first time; Bihar (3.0) was the highest state, Sikkim (1.1) the lowest.
• Southern-state TFRs: Kerala 1.8, Tamil Nadu 1.8, Karnataka 1.7, Andhra Pradesh 1.7, Telangana 1.8 — all below replacement; Uttar Pradesh 2.4.
• The Technical Group on Population Projections (2020) projects India at 152 crore by 2036, with the South's share of population continuing to shrink and its median age the highest in the country.
• Kerala already has the highest share of people aged 60+ (12.6 per cent in Census 2011, projected to cross 20 per cent by 2031); Bihar and UP have the youngest populations.
• Why it matters politically: Lok Sabha seats were frozen on the 1971 Census by the 42nd Amendment (1976); the 84th Amendment (2001) extended the freeze to the first Census after 2026.
• A fresh delimitation on current numbers would shift seats away from the South — the reason the southern states watch these projections closely.
• Census 2011 decadal growth: India 17.7 per cent; Kerala only 4.9 per cent, Tamil Nadu 15.6, against Bihar 25.4 and UP 20.2; Nagaland was the only state with negative growth.
Do not mix these up
• Falling share vs falling population — the South's population is still rising slightly; only its percentage share of India is falling.
• Replacement level (2.1) vs zero growth — a country keeps growing for decades after TFR falls to 2.1 because of population momentum (a large young cohort).
Also asked from this topic: India's TFR in NFHS-5 (2.0); India's projected population by 2036 (1.52 billion, National Commission on Population); the state with negative growth in 2011 (Nagaland).

SSC Stenographer 2026 – 15 September 2026 Shift 2 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q3. India's Dependency Ratio is a critical measure of economic burden. In demographic terms, which age groups are considered "dependent" in calculating this ratio?

(a) 0–14 and 60+
(b) 0–14 and 65+
(c) 0–17 and 60+
(d) 0–14 and 55+

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 0–14 and 65+

Answer: Option 2 — 0–14 and 65+
In the standard demographic definition used by the UN and the World Bank, dependants are children aged 0–14 and the elderly aged 65 and above; the working-age population is 15–64.
Dependency ratio = (population 0–14 + population 65+) ÷ (population 15–64) × 100.
Revision note — Dependency ratio and the demographic dividend
• Child dependency ratio = 0–14 per 100 of 15–64; old-age dependency ratio = 65+ per 100 of 15–64; their sum is the total dependency ratio.
• A falling dependency ratio means a bulge of workers relative to dependants — the demographic dividend; India entered this window around 2018 and it is expected to last till about 2055.
• India's total dependency ratio was about 47 per 100 (World Bank, 2023), low by world standards; Japan's exceeds 70 because of ageing.
• Europe has the highest old-age dependency ratio among world regions; Africa has the lowest.
• The Technical Group on Population Projections (2020) projects India's 60+ population to rise from about 10 crore (2011) to about 23 crore (2036).
• The National Population Policy 2000 aimed at replacement-level fertility (TFR 2.1) by 2010 and a stable population by 2045; NFHS-5 (2019–21) put India's TFR at 2.0.
Do not mix these up
• International vs Indian cut-off — the UN/World Bank counts the elderly from 65; the Census of India and the Economic Survey usually count from 60. "Demographic terms" means the international one.
• Dependency ratio vs sex ratio — the dependency ratio compares age groups; the sex ratio is females per 1,000 males.
Also asked from this topic: the elderly dependency ratio (65+ per 100 of working age 15–64); the region with the highest elderly dependency ratio (Europe); India's 60+ population in 2036 (about 23 crore).

SSC Stenographer 2026 – 15 September 2026 Shift 2 · Current population estimates and projections

Q4. What is the estimated percentage of people in India aged 65 and above in 2025?

(a) 3%
(b) 5%
(c) 7%
(d) 15%

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 7%

Answer: Option 3 — 7%
The UN World Population Prospects puts India's population aged 65 and above at about 7 per cent in 2025 — roughly 10 crore people out of about 146 crore.
Crossing the 7 per cent mark is the conventional line at which a country is called an ageing society.
Revision note — India's ageing population
• The UN's World Population Prospects 2024 estimates India's 65+ share at about 7 per cent in 2025, expected to reach about 15 per cent by 2050.
• Indian law counts a senior citizen from age 60 (Senior Citizens Act, 2007); on that count the elderly were 8.6 per cent in Census 2011 and about 10.5 per cent in 2021.
• The India Ageing Report 2023 (UNFPA) projects the 60+ share to reach 20.8 per cent (about 34.7 crore) by 2050.
• The Technical Group on Population Projections (July 2020) projected the 60+ population at about 19.3 crore in 2031 and 23 crore in 2036.
• Kerala has the highest share of elderly among the states; Bihar and Uttar Pradesh the lowest.
• India's median age is still only about 28–29 years, so it enjoys a demographic dividend even as it begins to age.
Do not mix these up
• 60+ vs 65+ — Indian law and the Census count the elderly from 60 (about 10–11 per cent); the UN's international comparison uses 65 (about 7 per cent).
• Ageing society vs aged society — 7 per cent of the population aged 65+ makes a country ageing; 14 per cent makes it aged.
Also asked from this topic: India's projected 60+ population in 2036 per the Technical Group on Population Projections (23 crore); the elderly population expected by 2031 (193.4 million).

SSC Stenographer 2026 – 12 September 2026 Shift 1 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q5. India's Median Age as per 2011 was around 24 years. What does this suggest about the population structure?

(a) Aging population
(b) Majority of population is elderly
(c) Young population dominates
(d) Negative population growth

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Young population dominates

Answer: Option 3 — Young population dominates
The median age is the age that splits the population into two equal halves.
A median of only 24 years means half of all Indians were below 24 in 2011 — a young population, the base of India's demographic dividend.
Revision note — Census 2011 and India's age structure
• Census 2011 was the 15th census since 1872 and the 7th after Independence; Census Commissioner C. Chandramouli; motto "Our Census, Our Future".
• Population 121.09 crore; decadal growth 17.7 per cent (2001–2011), the first decade since 1921 in which growth fell in absolute numbers added.
• Density 382 per sq km; sex ratio 943; child sex ratio 918; literacy 74.04 per cent (males 82.14, females 65.46).
• Median age about 24 years in 2011 (about 28–29 years by 2023 estimates); Japan is above 48 and Niger, the youngest country, about 15.
• Demographic dividend — the growth boost when the working-age (15–64) share is large relative to dependants; India's working-age share is above 60 per cent.
• An ageing structure means a rising share of people aged 60 and above — India's was only about 8.6 per cent in 2011 (Kerala the highest).
• Nagaland was the only state with negative decadal growth (−0.58 per cent) in 2011.
Do not mix these up
• Median age vs average (mean) age — the median is the middle value that halves the population; the mean is the arithmetic average and is pulled up by the elderly.
• Young population vs fast growth — a low median age shows a young structure; it does not by itself show the growth rate, which had actually slowed to 17.7 per cent.
Also asked from this topic: India's population density in Census 2011 (382 per sq km); the child sex ratio in 2011 (918); the state with negative growth in 2001–2011 (Nagaland).

SSC Stenographer 2026 – 12 September 2026 Shift 2 · Current population estimates and projections

Q6. What is India's estimated population as of July 2025?

(a) 1.36 billion
(b) 1.46 billion
(c) 1.56 billion
(d) 1.76 billion

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 1.46 billion

Answer: Option 2 — 1.46 billion
The UNFPA State of World Population 2025 report (June 2025) put India's population at about 1.46 billion (1,463.9 million), the largest in the world.
India overtook China (about 1.42 billion) as the most populous country in 2023.
Revision note — India's population: the key figures
• Census 2011: population 121.09 crore (1.21 billion); decadal growth 17.7 per cent (2001–11), down from 21.5 per cent; density 382 persons per sq km; sex ratio 943.
• UNFPA 2025 estimate: 1.46 billion; the report projects India's population to peak at about 1.7 billion in roughly 40 years before it starts to fall.
• India's total fertility rate has fallen below replacement level: 2.0 in NFHS-5 (2019–21) and about 1.9 in the UNFPA 2025 report, against the replacement level of 2.1.
• About 68 per cent of Indians are of working age (15–64) and about 26 per cent are aged 0–14 — the demographic dividend window.
• The next Census has been notified for 2027, reference date 1 March 2027 (snow-bound areas of Ladakh, J&K, Himachal and Uttarakhand on 1 October 2026).
• It will be India's first digital census and the first since 1931 to enumerate caste.
• World Population Day is observed on 11 July.
Do not mix these up
• Population estimate vs census count — 1.46 billion is a UN projection; the last counted figure remains 121.09 crore from Census 2011.
• Most populous vs most densely populated — India has the largest population, but by density it is far behind small countries such as Monaco; within India the densest state is Bihar.
Also asked from this topic: the population density of India in Census 2011 (382 per sq km); India's total fertility rate as per NFHS-5 (2.0); the only state with negative decadal growth in 2001–11 (Nagaland).

SSC Stenographer 2026 – 12 September 2026 Shift 2 · State and district rankings (census)

Q7. Which state contributes the largest share to India's incremental population growth (2025)?

(a) Kerala
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Himachal Pradesh

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Uttar Pradesh

Answer: Option 3 — Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh is India's most populous state, with about 24 crore people, roughly 17 per cent of the country.
Its fertility rate is still above replacement, so it adds more people every year than any other state.
Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh all have fertility below replacement level and add very little to the national total.
Revision note — Where India's population growth comes from
• Census 2011: Uttar Pradesh 19.98 crore (16.5 per cent of India), then Maharashtra 11.24 crore, Bihar 10.41 crore, West Bengal 9.13 crore.
• Total fertility rate, NFHS-5 (2019–21): India 2.0; Bihar 3.0 (highest), Uttar Pradesh 2.4, Kerala 1.8, Tamil Nadu 1.8, Himachal Pradesh 1.7; replacement level is 2.1.
• Most of India's future growth is projected to come from the northern "BIMARU" belt — Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh — plus Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
• The southern states (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana) reached replacement fertility years ago and are now ageing faster than the north.
• Decadal growth 2001–11: India 17.7 per cent; highest among states Meghalaya (27.9), the only negative Nagaland (−0.58).
• Kerala had the lowest decadal growth among the large states, 4.9 per cent.
• Population density, Census 2011: India 382 per sq km; Bihar 1,106 (highest state), Arunachal Pradesh 17 (lowest).
Do not mix these up
• Most populous state vs highest fertility state — the biggest population is Uttar Pradesh; the highest TFR is Bihar.
• Largest population vs highest density — Uttar Pradesh has the most people; Bihar packs the most people per square kilometre.
Also asked from this topic: the most populous state in Census 2011 (Uttar Pradesh); the second most populous state in Census 2011 (Maharashtra); Uttar Pradesh's share of India's population in 2011 (about 16 per cent).

SSC Stenographer 2026 – 12 September 2026 Shift 2 · Literacy rate

Q8. As of July 2025, India's literacy rate (estimated) is closest to which of the following?

(a) 69%
(b) 73%
(c) 79%
(d) 85%

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 79%

Answer: Option 3 — 79%
The latest official estimate, from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023–24, puts India's literacy rate for persons aged 7 and above at 80.9 per cent.
Of the four options, 79% is the closest; the older Census 2011 figure of 74.04 per cent is the trap that leads to 73%.
Revision note — India's literacy rate: the figures to remember
• Census 1951: 18.33 per cent; Census 2001: 64.8 per cent; Census 2011: 74.04 per cent (males 82.14, females 65.46).
• NSO 78th round (2020–21): 77.7 per cent; PLFS 2023–24: 80.9 per cent (males about 87, females about 74).
• Census 2011 toppers: Kerala 94.0 per cent, then Mizoram 91.3, Goa 88.7; lowest Bihar 61.8 per cent.
• PLFS 2023–24 toppers: Mizoram 98.2 per cent, then Lakshadweep 97.3, Kerala 95.3; lowest Andhra Pradesh 72.6 and Bihar 74.3.
• Under the ULLAS (Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram) scheme a state or UT with 95 per cent or more literacy counts as fully literate.
• Mizoram was declared the first fully literate state (May 2025), Goa the second (June 2025) and Tripura the third (August 2025); Ladakh was the first fully literate UT (June 2024).
• The Census counts a person aged 7 or above who can read and write with understanding in any language as literate.
• International Literacy Day is observed on 8 September (UNESCO, since 1966).
Do not mix these up
• Census 2011 rate vs current estimate — 74.04 per cent is the last census count; 80.9 per cent (PLFS 2023–24) is the working estimate for 2025.
• Kerala vs Mizoram — Kerala topped Census 2011; on the PLFS 2023–24 figures Mizoram is ahead and was the first state declared fully literate.
Also asked from this topic: India's literacy rate as per Census 2011 (74.04 per cent); the state with the highest literacy rate in Census 2011 (Kerala, 94.0 per cent); India's literacy rate in Census 1951 (18.33 per cent).

SSC Stenographer 2026 – 11 September 2026 Shift 2 · Urbanisation and migration

Q9. The rural-urban migration in India is mostly driven by which of the following factors according to Census 2011?

(a) Political instability
(b) Educational expansion
(c) Lack of agricultural employment
(d) Access to entertainment and lifestyle

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Lack of agricultural employment

Answer: Option 3 — Lack of agricultural employment
Rural-to-urban migration in India is driven mainly by push factors in the village — poverty, pressure of population on land, and lack of work outside agriculture.
Work/employment is the leading reason recorded for male migrants in Census 2011.
Education and lifestyle are minor pull factors; political instability is not a recorded reason in India.
Revision note — Migration and Census 2011
• Census 2011 counted about 45.6 crore migrants, roughly 37 per cent of the population; rural-to-rural is the largest migration stream.
• Marriage is the largest single reason overall (mostly women); work/employment is the top reason for men.
• Push factors: poverty, unemployment, high population pressure on land, lack of health and education facilities, natural disasters.
• Pull factors: jobs, higher wages, education, better living conditions in cities.
• Urban population in 2011 was 31.16 per cent (about 37.7 crore); rural population 68.84 per cent.
• Uttar Pradesh has the largest rural population; Kerala recorded a fall in rural population between 2001 and 2011.
• Mumbai is the largest urban agglomeration; India had about 6.4 lakh villages in Census 2011.
Do not mix these up
• Push vs pull factor — a push factor drives people out of the source (lack of work); a pull factor draws them to the destination (city jobs).
• Migrant vs commuter — a migrant changes residence; a daily commuter does not count in the Census migration tables.
Also asked from this topic: urban population share in Census 2011 (31 per cent); the state with the largest rural population (Uttar Pradesh); the state whose rural population fell in 2001–2011 (Kerala).

SSC Stenographer 2026 – 10 September 2026 Shift 1 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q10. What does a low population doubling time indicate about a country's population growth, and where in India is this most evident?

(a) Rapid urbanization in western states
(b) High fertility in northern and eastern India
(c) Economic development in coastal states
(d) In-migration to metro cities

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) High fertility in northern and eastern India

Answer: Option 2 — High fertility in northern and eastern India
A low doubling time means the population doubles quickly, so the growth rate is high.
In India that high growth comes from high fertility in the northern and eastern states — Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Jharkhand.
Revision note — Population growth and doubling time
• Doubling time is the number of years a population needs to double at its present growth rate.
• The working shortcut is the rule of 70: doubling time = 70 ÷ annual growth rate in per cent.
• So doubling time and growth rate move in opposite directions — short doubling time means fast growth.
• Rate of natural increase = crude birth rate − crude death rate; migration is left out of it.
• India's Total Fertility Rate fell to 2.0 in NFHS-5 (2019–21), below the replacement level of 2.1; it was about 3.8 in 1990.
• The southern and western states — Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra — are already below replacement, so their doubling times are long.
• Mission Parivar Vikas (November 2016) targets 146 high-fertility districts in 7 high-focus states: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Assam.
• In Census 2011 the decadal growth rate was 17.7 per cent, and Nagaland was the only state with negative decadal growth (−0.58 per cent).
Do not mix these up
• Doubling time vs growth rate — they are inversely related; a low doubling time is bad news, not good.
• Natural increase vs actual growth — natural increase ignores migration, which is what drives metro-city growth.
Also asked from this topic: India's total fertility rate in NFHS-5 (2.0); the only state with negative decadal growth in Census 2011 (Nagaland).

SSC Stenographer 2026 – 10 September 2026 Shift 3 · Urbanisation and migration

Q11. Which is the main urban demographic trend highlighted in India between 2011 and 2025?

(a) Urban population shrank
(b) Urban population stable at 30%
(c) Rapid urbanization to 37% with mega cities growing
(d) Only rural population grew

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Rapid urbanization to 37% with mega cities growing

Answer: Option 3 — Rapid urbanization to 37% with mega cities growing
India's urban share has risen from 31.16 per cent at Census 2011 to roughly 36-37 per cent by 2025 on UN projections, and the sharpest growth has come in the million-plus and mega cities.
No census has been held since 2011, so the 2025 figure is an estimate, not a counted number.
Revision note — Urbanisation in India
• Census 2011: urban population 37.7 crore, i.e. 31.16 per cent of the total, up from 27.81 per cent in 2001.
• The urban share was about 10.8 per cent in 1901 and about 17.3 per cent in 1951 — the climb has been steady but slow.
• 2011 was the first census in which the absolute increase in urban population exceeded the increase in rural population.
• Census size classes: a million-plus (metropolitan) city has 10 lakh or more people; a mega city has more than 1 crore (10 million).
• India's mega cities at Census 2011 were Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata; Delhi is now the country's largest urban agglomeration.
• Maharashtra has the largest urban population in absolute numbers; Goa (62.2 per cent) is the most urbanised state and Himachal Pradesh (about 10 per cent) the least.
• Urbanisation is not a component of population change — the three components are births, deaths and migration.
Do not mix these up
• Statutory town vs census town — a statutory town has a municipality or corporation; a census town has no urban local body but meets the population, density and non-agricultural-work tests.
• Million-plus city vs mega city — 10 lakh and above for the first, over 1 crore for the second.
Also asked from this topic: the level of urbanisation in Census 2011 (31.16 per cent); India's urban share in 1951 (17.3 per cent); the Census term for a city of over 10 million people (mega city).

SSC Stenographer 2026 – 9 September 2026 Shift 1 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q12. What is India's population pyramid expected to look like by 2047, based on current demographic transitions noted in 2025?

(a) Huge youth base
(b) Narrow top, wide base
(c) Symmetrical, with elderly equal to youth
(d) Bulging at elderly end, base contracts

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Bulging at elderly end, base contracts

Answer: Option 4 — Bulging at elderly end, base contracts
Fertility has already fallen below replacement, so fewer children enter the base each year while the 60+ group keeps growing — the pyramid goes top-heavy.
Note: this is a projection question.
No official 2047 age pyramid has been published, so only the direction of change is defensible.
The figures below are the standard UN and NFHS projections, not an exact official 2047 figure.
Revision note — India's demographic transition
• India's Total Fertility Rate is about 2.0 (NFHS-5, 2019–21), below the replacement level of 2.1; it was about 3.8 in 1990 and 2.4 in 2011.
• The UNFPA India Ageing Report projects the 60+ share to rise from roughly 10 per cent in 2021 to about 20 per cent by 2050 — a doubling in one generation.
• A wide base means high birth rates — an expansive, triangular pyramid; a steady population gives a bell shape.
• A narrow base with a wider top means low birth rates and high life expectancy — a constrictive pyramid, as in Japan.
• India is placed in the late expanding (third) stage of the demographic transition — low death rates with birth rates now falling fast.
• The demographic dividend window is expected to begin closing in the 2040s, and India's population is projected to peak around 2060.
• The National Population Policy 2000 aimed to lower fertility, cut infant mortality below 30 per 1,000 live births and delay marriage for girls.
Do not mix these up
• Expansive vs constrictive pyramid — a wide base is expansive (young, growing); a contracting base with a heavy top is constrictive (ageing).
• Fertility rate vs birth rate — the general fertility rate is per 1,000 women aged 15–49; the crude birth rate is per 1,000 of the whole population.
• Falling TFR vs falling population — India's population keeps rising for decades after TFR crosses 2.1, because of population momentum.
Also asked from this topic: India's TFR as per NFHS-5 (2.0); the replacement level (2.1); what a narrow-based, wide-topped pyramid shows (low birth rates, high life expectancy);
the pyramid of a fast-growing population (triangular); India's stage of transition (late expanding).

RRB Group D 2025-26 – 4 August 2026 Shift 1 · Census - history and organisation

Q13. Which administrative authority is responsible for conducting the Census 2027 exercise in India?

(a) Election Commission of India
(b) Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India
(c) National Informatics Centre of India
(d) Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India

Answer: Option 2 — Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India
TheOffice of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner of India (RGI)conducts the Census → Option 2.

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 20 June 2026 Shift 1 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q14. Which one of the following represents the correct formula for crude birth rate (CBR), where B = live births during the year; P= Estimated mid year population of the area?

(a) (Births × Population) ÷ 1000
(b) (Births ÷ Population) × 1000
(c) (Population ÷ Births) × 100
(d) (Births + Population) × 100

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) (Births ÷ Population) × 1000

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) Formula
CBR measures number of live births per 1000 population in a year.
Formula: CBR = (B ÷ P) × 1000
Where:
B = Live births during the year
P = Estimated mid-year population
Example: If 5000 births in population of 2,50,000
CBR = (5000 ÷ 2,50,000) × 1000 = 20 births per 1000 people
Answer: Option 2 → (Births ÷ Population) × 1000

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 20 June 2026 Shift 1 · Urbanisation and migration

Q15. Which of the following is NOT a pull factor of migration?

(a) Peace and stability
(b) Better job opportunities
(c) Socio-economic backwardness
(d) Security of life

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Socio-economic backwardness

Migration Factors
Pull Factors(attract people to destination):
• Peace and stability
• Better job opportunities
• Security of life
• Better living conditions
Push Factors(force people to leave origin):
• Socio-economic backwardness
• Unemployment
• Political instability
Socio-economic backwardness is apush factor, not pull.
Answer: Option 3 → Socio-economic backwardness

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 20 June 2026 Shift 3 · Population density

Q16. Which of the following densities measures the pressure of population on net cultivated area in India?

(a) Nutritional density
(b) Economic density
(c) Physiological density
(d) Agricultural density

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Physiological density

Population Density Types:
Physiological Density= Population / Net Cultivated Area
Measures pressure on agricultural land actually used for farming
Agricultural Density= Rural Population / Net Cultivated Area
Nutritional Density= Related to food availability per person
Economic Density= Population / Productive Land
Physiological density shows how many people depend on each unit of cultivated land
Answer: Option 3 → Physiological density

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 19 June 2026 Shift 1 · State and district rankings (census)

Q17. Which among the following states had the largest population of children (0–6 years) as per the Census 2011 provisional figures?

(a) Rajasthan
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Bihar
(d) Uttar Pradesh

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Uttar Pradesh

Topic: Census 2011 - Child Population (0-6 years)
State-wise Child Population (0-6 years):
1. Uttar Pradesh: ~2.97 crore (highest)
2. Bihar: ~1.86 crore
3. Maharashtra: ~1.31 crore
4. Rajasthan: ~1.06 crore
UP had the largest overall population in 2011,
hence largest child population too.
Answer: Option 4 → Uttar Pradesh

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 19 June 2026 Shift 1 · SC and ST population

Q18. According to the Census of India 2011, what was the sex ratio (number of females per 1,000 males) among the Scheduled Tribe (ST) population in India?

(a) 990
(b) 970
(c) 1,010
(d) 950

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 990

Topic: Census of India 2011 - Scheduled Tribe Demographics
Sex Ratio Definition:Number of females per 1,000 males
Key Census 2011 Data:
Overall India sex ratio: 943
SC population sex ratio: 945
ST population sex ratio: 990
ST population had better sex ratio than national average
Answer: Option 1 → 990

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 19 June 2026 Shift 1 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q19. A country with a high birth rate and a high death rate typically reflects:

(a) Post-industrial society
(b) Low dependency ratio
(c) Early stage of demographic transition
(d) Advanced economy

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Early stage of demographic transition

Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1 (Pre-transition): High birth rate + High death rate
Characteristics: Poor healthcare, high infant mortality, low life expectancy
Population growth: Slow or stagnant
Stage 2-3: Birth rate remains high, death rate falls → Rapid growth
Stage 4-5: Both rates low → Stable/declining population
High BR + High DR = Early/First stage of demographic transition
Answer: Option 3 → Early stage of demographic transition

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 19 June 2026 Shift 3 · Census - history and organisation

Q20. The Census 2011 of India is officially recognised as which number in the sequence of the continuous series of censuses reckoned from 1872?

(a) 16ᵗʰ National Census
(b) 13ᵗʰ National Census
(c) 14ᵗʰ National Census
(d) 15ᵗʰ National Census

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) 15ᵗʰ National Census

Topic: Indian Census History
First synchronous census in India:1872
Decennial census conducted every 10 years:
1872, 1881, 1891, 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1941, 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011
Counting from 1872 to 2011 =15 censuses
Census 2011 is the15th National Censusand 7th post-independence census.
Answer: Option 4 → 15ᵗʰ National Census

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 18 June 2026 Shift 1 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q21. What demographic shift characterizes Brazil’s transition since the 1980s?

(a) Rising urban mortality
(b) Falling birth and death rates
(c) Stable fertility with immigration
(d) High births with low longevity

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Falling birth and death rates

Brazil's Demographic Transition (1980s onwards)
Key Changes:
• Birth rate declined significantly due to urbanization and family planning
• Death rate fell due to improved healthcare and sanitation
• Life expectancy increased substantially
• Shift from high birth-death to low birth-death model
Demographic Transition Theory:
Brazil moved from Stage 2 to Stage 3-4 with both rates declining
Answer: Option 2 → Falling birth and death rates

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 18 June 2026 Shift 2 · Human settlements - rural and urban types

Q22. Which of the following geographical factors most directly influences the location and growth of human settlements?

(a) Availability of fresh water
(b) Distance from the equator
(c) Shape of nearby hills
(d) Color of local soil

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Availability of fresh water

Geographical Factors & Human Settlements
Primary requirement for human habitation:
Fresh water is essential for drinking, agriculture, sanitation
Historical evidence:
All major civilizations developed near water sources
Examples: Indus (Indus River), Egyptian (Nile), Mesopotamian (Tigris-Euphrates)
Other factors are secondary:
Distance from equator affects climate but not settlement viability
Hill shape and soil color have minimal direct impact
Answer: Option 1 → Availability of fresh water

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 18 June 2026 Shift 3 · Literacy rate

Q23. According to Census 2011, which Union Territory had the lowest literacy rate?

(a) Lakshadweep
(b) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(c) Chandigarh
(d) Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Census 2011 - Union Territory Literacy Rates
Lakshadweep: 92.28% (Highest among UTs)
Chandigarh: 86.43%
Andaman & Nicobar: 86.27%
Dadra & Nagar Haveli: 77.65% (Lowest)
Note: D&NH merged with Daman & Diu in 2020
Answer: Option 4 → Dadra and Nagar Haveli

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 17 June 2026 Shift 2 · State and district rankings (census)

Q24. According to the Census 2011, which of the following states was the second most populous in the country?

(a) Karnataka
(b) West Bengal
(c) Maharashtra
(d) Bihar

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Maharashtra

Topic: Census 2011 - Most Populous States
Top 5 States by Population (2011):
1. Uttar Pradesh - 19.98 crore (Most populous)
2.Maharashtra - 11.24 crore (Second)
3. Bihar - 10.38 crore (Third)
4. West Bengal - 9.13 crore (Fourth)
5. Andhra Pradesh - 8.46 crore (Fifth)
Answer: Option 3 → Maharashtra

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 17 June 2026 Shift 3 · Population density

Q25. Which one of the following combinations contributes to low population density?

(a) River valleys, floodplains, health clinics
(b) Flat terrain, fertile soil, urban jobs
(c) Mild winters, abundant water, schools
(d) Harsh climate, poor soil, few roads

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Harsh climate, poor soil, few roads

Topic: Factors Affecting Population Density
Low Population Density Factors:
Harsh climate → Difficult living conditions discourage settlement
Poor soil → Limited agriculture reduces food production and livelihood
Few roads → Poor connectivity limits access to resources and services
Other Options Analysis:
Options 1, 2, 3 → All contain favorable factors (fertile land, water, jobs, facilities)
These factors attract people and increase population density
Answer: Option 4 → Harsh climate, poor soil, few roads

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 16 June 2026 Shift 2 · Census 2011 - population and growth

Q26. As of 1 March 2001, what was the population of India?

(a) 950 million
(b) 1,210 million
(c) 1,027 million
(d) 1,000 million

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 1,027 million

Topic:Census of India 2001
The Census of India is conducted every 10 years.
Census 2001 was conducted with reference date:1 March 2001
Total population recorded:1,027 million (1.027 billion)
This was approximately 102.7 crore people.
Answer: Option 3 → 1,027 million

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 15 June 2026 Shift 1 · Literacy rate

Q27. As per the Census of India, which of the following states recorded the highest overall literacy rate in 2011?

(a) Himachal Pradesh
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Kerala
(d) Tamil Nadu

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Kerala

Census 2011 - Literacy Rates (Top States)
Kerala:93.91%(Highest in India)
Mizoram: 91.58%
Tripura: 87.75%
Goa: 87.40%
Himachal Pradesh: 83.78%
Maharashtra: 82.91%
Tamil Nadu: 80.33%
Kerala has consistently maintained the highest literacy rate among all Indian states.
Answer: Option 3 → Kerala

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 15 June 2026 Shift 2 · Population density

Q28. Which of the following states has high population density due to early human settlement and development?

(a) Rajasthan
(b) Sikkim
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Meghalaya

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Uttar Pradesh

Topic: Population Density in India
Uttar Pradeshhas one of the highest population densities in India (828 per sq km).
Reasons for high density:
• Early human settlement in Indo-Gangetic plains
• Fertile alluvial soil supporting agriculture
• Historical centers of civilization and trade
• Well-developed infrastructure and connectivity
Other states comparison:
Rajasthan: Low density (201) - desert region
Sikkim: Low density (86) - mountainous terrain
Meghalaya: Moderate density (132) - hilly region
Answer: Option 3 → Uttar Pradesh

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 15 June 2026 Shift 3 · State and district rankings (census)

Q29. According to the Census 2011, which state remained the most populous in India?

(a) West Bengal
(b) Bihar
(c) Maharashtra
(d) Uttar Pradesh

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Uttar Pradesh

Census 2011 - Most Populous State
Uttar Pradesh has been the most populous state in India since independence.
Population (Census 2011):199,581,477(approx. 19.96 crore)
This accounts for about16.49%of India's total population.
Followed by Maharashtra (2nd) and Bihar (3rd).
Answer: Option 4 → Uttar Pradesh

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 14 June 2026 Shift 2 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q30. In a population pyramid, a narrow base and a wider top are most likely to indicate which of the following?

(a) High birth rates and low death rates
(b) Low birth rates and high life expectancy
(c) High birth rates and high death rates
(d) Low birth rates and low life expectancy

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Low birth rates and high life expectancy

Population Pyramid Structure:
Narrow base → Few young people →Low birth rates
Wider top → Many elderly people →High life expectancy
This pattern is typical ofdeveloped countries(Japan, Germany, etc.)
Answer: Option 2 → Low birth rates and high life expectancy

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 14 June 2026 Shift 2 · Population density

Q31. Population density is defined as the number of people per:

(a) Urban center
(b) Total population
(c) Arable land
(d) Unit of land area

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Unit of land area

Topic: Population Density
Definition:Population density measures how many people live in a specific area.
Formula:Population Density = Total Population / Total Land Area
It is expressed as persons per square kilometer (persons/km²) or persons per square mile.
This helps compare crowding levels across different regions regardless of their total population.
Answer: Option 4 → Unit of land area

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 14 June 2026 Shift 3 · Population density

Q32. According to the Census 2011, which of the following states has the highest population density among the northern Indian states?

(a) Himachal Pradesh
(b) Bihar
(c) Uttarakhand
(d) Rajasthan

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Bihar

Topic:Census 2011 - Population Density
Population Density = Population / Area
Northern states density (persons/km²):
Bihar:1,102(highest in India)
Himachal Pradesh: 123
Uttarakhand: 189
Rajasthan: 201
Bihar has highest population density among northern states.
Answer: Option 2 → Bihar

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 13 June 2026 Shift 2 · Sex ratio and child sex ratio

Q33. According to the Census 2011, which of the following States and Union Territories recorded the lowest sex ratio in India?

(a) Delhi
(b) Daman & Diu
(c) Haryana
(d) Chandigarh

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Daman & Diu

Topic: Census 2011 - Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males)
Lowest Sex Ratios in India (Census 2011):
1. Daman & Diu → 618 (Lowest)
2. Dadra & Nagar Haveli → 775
3. Chandigarh → 818
4. Delhi → 866
5. Haryana → 877
Daman & Diu recorded the lowest sex ratio among all States and UTs.
Answer: Option 2 → Daman & Diu

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 13 June 2026 Shift 3 · Literacy rate

Q34. According to the Census 2011, what was the approximate total literacy rate in India?

(a) 78.21%
(b) 74.04%
(c) 70.50%
(d) 64.83%

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 74.04%

Census 2011 - Literacy Rate Data
Total Literacy Rate:74.04%
Male Literacy: 82.14%
Female Literacy: 65.46%
Note: Kerala has highest literacy (93.91%)
Bihar has lowest literacy (63.82%)
Answer: Option 2 → 74.04%

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 13 June 2026 Shift 3 · Census - history and organisation

Q35. Which Census of India is known for transforming the Census Organisation into a major Cultural Repository through extensive studies on rural crafts, fairs, festivals, and ethnographic surveys, and also marked India’s early adoption of mechanical tabulation equipment such as key punches, sorters, and tabulators?

(a) 1971 Census of India
(b) 1981 Census of India
(c) 1951 Census of India
(d) 1961 Census of India

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) 1961 Census of India

Topic: Census of India - Historical Milestones
1961 Census of India - Key Features:
1.Cultural Repository Transformation:Extensive documentation of rural crafts, fairs, festivals, and ethnographic surveys.
2.Mechanical Tabulation:First major adoption of mechanical equipment - key punches, sorters, and tabulators for data processing.
3.Significance:Marked transition from manual to mechanized census operations in India.
Answer: Option 4 → 1961 Census of India

SSC GD 2026 – 31 May 2026 Shift 1 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q36. In India, the average number of children born to a woman in her lifetime (Total Fertility Rate) was 3.8 in __________.

(a) 1990
(b) 2011
(c) 2015
(d) 1960

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 1990

Correct Answer: 1990 (Option 1)
India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) — the average number of children born per woman during her lifetime — was approximately 3.8 in 1990. Since then, India has made significant progress in reducing fertility through family planning programmes , improved female literacy, and healthcare access. By 2011, the TFR had dropped to about 2.4, and by 2019-21 (NFHS-5), it reached 2.0 — at or below the replacement level.
Why others are wrong:
- 2011: India's TFR in 2011 was approximately 2.4, not 3.8.
- 2015: By 2015, TFR was approximately 2.3, continuing its downward trend.
- 1960: In 1960, India's TFR was even higher, at approximately 5.9 — not 3.8.

SSC GD 2026 – 30 May 2026 Shift 3 · Urbanisation and migration

Q37. In 1951, approximately what percentage of India's population lived in urban areas?

(a) 17.3%
(b) 41.3%
(c) 37.3%
(d) 27.3%

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 17.3%

Correct Answer: 17.3% (Option 1)
According to the 1951 Census of India — the first census after Independence — approximately 17.3% of India's total population resided in urban areas, while about 82.7% lived in rural areas. India was predominantly agrarian at the time of Independence. Urbanisation has grown significantly since then, with the urban population crossing 30% by the 2011 Census.
Why others are wrong:
- 41.3%: This figure is closer to India's urban population percentage in the 2011 Census (31.2%) or projected for 2030+; not 1951.
- 37.3%: Also does not correspond to India's urban share in 1951.
- 27.3%: Approximately the urban population share in the 1991 or 2001 Census, not 1951.

SSC GD 2026 – 27 May 2026 Shift 3 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q38. In the final stage of the Demographic Transition Theory, which of the following decreases?
I. Birth rate (Fertility)
II. Death rate

(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Both I and II

Correct Answer: Both I and II — Option (c)
In the final stage of the Demographic Transition Theory, BOTH the birth rate (fertility) AND the death rate are low (decrease). About the Demographic Transition Theory (DTT): Developed by: Warren Thompson (1929), later elaborated by Frank Notestein (1945); Describes how populations change as societies develop economically; The Four Stages: Stage 1 — Pre-Industrial/Traditional Stage: High Birth Rate + High Death Rate = Stable population (near zero growth); Primitive societies with high infant mortality, disease, famine; Low population growth; Stage 2 — Early Industrial/Developing Stage: High Birth Rate + FALLING Death Rate = Rapid population growth; Death rates fall due to improved medicine, sanitation, food supply; Birth rates remain high (cultural lag); Population explosion; Most developing countries have been in Stage 2; Stage 3 — Late Industrial/Urbanizing Stage: FALLING Birth Rate + Low Death Rate = Slowing population growth; Birth rates fall as urbanization increases, women's education improves, family planning spreads; People choose to have fewer children; Stage 4 — Post-Industrial/Final Stage: LOW Birth Rate + LOW Death Rate = Stable or slowly growing/declining population; Both birth rates and death rates are low; Some developed countries even experience natural population decline (e.g., Japan, Germany); The 'demographic dividend' phase has passed; So in the FINAL STAGE: Birth Rate = LOW (decreased); Death Rate = LOW (decreased); Therefore, BOTH I (birth rate/fertility) and II (death rate) are low/decrease in the final stage; Stage 5 (added later): Some demographers add a Stage 5 — Sub-replacement fertility where birth rates fall below death rates causing natural population decline.
Option (a) Only I (Birth rate/Fertility) — Incorrect: In the final stage of Demographic Transition, it is NOT only the birth rate that is low — both the birth rate AND the death rate are low; the death rate had already declined in Stage 2, and in the final stage it remains low; saying only birth rate decreases ignores the fact that death rates are also low.
Option (b) Only II (Death rate) — Incorrect: In the final stage of Demographic Transition, it is NOT only the death rate that is low — both the death rate AND the birth rate are low; by Stage 4 (final stage), both vital rates have declined to low levels; death rates declined first (in Stage 2) and birth rates followed; in the final stage, both are at low levels. The candidate selected this incorrect option.
Option (d) Neither I nor II — Incorrect: This is completely wrong; in the final stage of Demographic Transition (Stage 4), BOTH birth rates and death rates are at LOW levels — they have BOTH decreased from the high levels of Stage 1; saying 'neither decreases ' would imply both remain high, which is the opposite of what Stage 4 describes.

SSC GD 2026 – 22 May 2026 Shift 1 · Urbanisation and migration

Q39. According to Census 2011, which is the largest metropolitan city in terms of population?

(a) Kolkata
(b) Delhi
(c) Mumbai
(d) Chennai

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Mumbai

Correct Answer: Mumbai — Option (c)
According to Census 2011, Mumbai (Greater Mumbai Urban Agglomeration) was the largest metropolitan city in India in terms of population. Census 2011 — Major Urban Agglomerations: Mumbai UA: 18,414,288 (1st); Delhi UA: 16,349,831 (2nd); Kolkata UA: 14,112,536 (3rd); Chennai UA: 8,696,010 (4th); Hyderabad UA: 7,749,334 (5th); Bengaluru UA: 8,499,399; Mumbai's significance: Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation (MCGM) area population: 12,442,373 — the largest among all municipal corporations; Mumbai is India's financial capital and most commercially important city; Even beyond the municipal corporation limits, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) and Greater Mumbai Urban Agglomeration dominate in terms of population; As per Census 2011, Mumbai UA was India's most populous urban agglomeration; Context: The Census of India 2011 was conducted under the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India; Next census (2021) was delayed due to COVID-19.
Option (a) Kolkata — Incorrect: According to Census 2011, Kolkata Urban Agglomeration had 14,112,536 population — making it the 3rd largest, NOT the largest; Mumbai UA (18.4 million) was the largest.
Option (b) Delhi — Incorrect: Delhi Urban Agglomeration had 16,349,831 population in Census 2011 — the 2nd largest; Mumbai UA (18.4 million) was larger than Delhi UA; Delhi became larger than Mumbai in subsequent years but as per Census 2011, Mumbai was larger.
Option (d) Chennai — Incorrect: Chennai Urban Agglomeration had 8,696,010 population in Census 2011 — the 4th largest; it was considerably smaller than Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata UAs.

SSC GD 2026 – 22 May 2026 Shift 3 · Sex ratio and child sex ratio

Q40. Which factor best explains the low sex ratio seen in northwestern India?

(a) Male-dominant migration
(b) Female foeticide and socio-cultural prejudice
(c) Religious diversity
(d) Low fertility rate

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Female foeticide and socio-cultural prejudice

Correct Answer: Female foeticide and socio-cultural prejudice — Option (b)
Female foeticide and socio-cultural prejudice best explain the low sex ratio seen in northwestern India. About sex ratio in northwestern India: Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1,000 males; Northwestern states (especially Haryana, Punjab, and parts of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh) consistently show India's lowest sex ratios; Census 2011 data: Haryana: 879 females per 1,000 males (one of India's lowest); Punjab: 895 per 1,000; Rajasthan: 928 per 1,000; National average: 943 per 1,000; Key factors — female foeticide : Sex-selective abortions (terminating female foetuses after sex determination through ultrasound) is the primary cause; Despite the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PC-PNDT) Act, 1994 banning sex determination for sex selection, violations continue; Socio-cultural prejudice: 'Son preference' is deeply ingrained in these patriarchal societies; Sons are seen as carrying the family name, performing last rites, and providing financial support in old age; Daughters are seen as a 'burden' (dowry system makes daughters financially costly); The 'Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao ' campaign was specifically launched in Haryana, Punjab, and Rajasthan to address this issue; Child sex ratio (0-6 years): Even worse — Haryana: 834, Punjab: 846 (Census 2011), indicating active sex-selective practices.
Option (a) Male-dominant migration — Incorrect: Male-dominant out-migration typically explains LOW sex ratios in areas WHERE MEN EMIGRATE FROM (not northwestern India); northwestern India is actually a destination for male migrants from poorer states; the primary cause of low sex ratio in NW India is female foeticide , not male migration.
Option (c) Religious diversity — Incorrect: Religious diversity is not a primary explanation for the low sex ratio in northwestern India; states with religious diversity don't necessarily have low sex ratios; the sex ratio issue is caused by socio-cultural preference for sons and practices like female foeticide .
Option (d) Low fertility rate — Incorrect: Low fertility rate means fewer children are born overall, but this doesn't specifically explain a low SEX ratio (skewed male-female balance); the low sex ratio in northwestern India is caused by sex-selective practices (female foeticide ) and bias against girls, not by the overall fertility rate.

SSC GD 2026 – 21 May 2026 Shift 2 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q41. The decline in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in India has been mainly due to which of the following factors?

(a) Better neonatal care
(b) Expansion of vaccination programs
(c) Better maternal health
(d) All of these

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) All of these

Correct Answer: All of these — Option (d)
The decline in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in India has been due to all three factors mentioned. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Defined as the number of deaths of infants (under 1 year of age) per 1,000 live births in a given year; India's IMR has declined significantly over the decades — from about 146 per 1,000 live births in 1960 to around 28-32 per 1,000 live births in recent years; Factor 1 — Better neonatal care: Improved neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in hospitals; newborn care corners in health facilities; Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) and institutional delivery promotion; Kangaroo Mother Care for low birth weight babies; Factor 2 — Expansion of vaccination programs: The Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) covering vaccines for tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, measles, etc.; expanded to include pentavalent, rotavirus, pneumococcal conjugate, and measles-rubella vaccines; vaccination prevents deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases; Factor 3 — Better maternal health: Antenatal care and checkups under schemes like PMSMA (Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan); better nutrition programs; reduced maternal mortality also benefits infant outcomes.
Option (a) Better neonatal care — Incorrect: This IS one factor contributing to declining IMR, but alone it is incomplete — all three factors (better neonatal care, vaccination programs, and better maternal health) have together driven the decline; the correct answer is 'All of these.'
Option (b) Expansion of vaccination programs — Incorrect: Vaccination is an important factor in IMR decline, but the question asks about the main factors (plural) — all three options contributed; selecting only one factor is incomplete.
Option (c) Better maternal health — Incorrect: Better maternal health is an important contributing factor, but not the only one; all three factors — neonatal care, vaccination, and maternal health — together explain the decline in IMR in India.

SSC GD 2026 – 20 May 2026 Shift 1 · Population density

Q42. According to Census 2011, _____ had a population density of 1,102 persons per sq. km.

(a) Kerala
(b) Bihar
(c) Nagaland
(d) Haryana

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Bihar

Correct Answer: Bihar — Option (b)
According to the Census of India 2011, Bihar had the highest population density among all major Indian states at 1,102 persons per square kilometre . Bihar's high population density is due to its large population concentrated in a relatively smaller geographical area. Bihar's total population was about 10.4 crore (104 million) in 2011. For comparison: West Bengal: 1,029 persons/sq.km (2nd highest); Uttar Pradesh: 829 persons/sq.km; Kerala: 859 persons/sq.km. Among Union Territories, Delhi has the highest density at 11,297 persons/sq.km. Bihar's high density reflects the migration pressures, limited industrialization, and high birth rates historically associated with the state.
Option (a) Kerala — Incorrect: Kerala's population density in 2011 was 859 persons per sq.km, significantly lower than Bihar's 1,102 persons per sq.km.
Option (c) Nagaland — Incorrect: Nagaland is a sparsely populated northeastern state with a very low population density (119 persons/sq.km in 2011); it is far from 1,102 persons/sq.km.
Option (d) Haryana — Incorrect: Haryana's population density in 2011 was 573 persons per sq.km, much lower than Bihar's 1,102 persons/sq.km.

SSC GD 2026 – 20 May 2026 Shift 3 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q43. According to the Demographic Transition Theory, India is currently in which stage of population growth?

(a) High stationary stage
(b) Early expanding stage
(c) Late expanding stage
(d) Low stationary stage

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Late expanding stage

Correct Answer: Late expanding stage — Option (c)
According to the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), India is currently in the Late Expanding Stage (Stage 3). The four stages of the Demographic Transition Model: Stage 1 — High Stationary: Both birth rates and death rates are high; population remains stable at a high level; Stage 2 — Early Expanding: Death rates fall sharply (due to improved sanitation, medicine) while birth rates remain high; population grows rapidly; Stage 3 — Late Expanding: Death rates are low; birth rates begin to fall (due to urbanization, education, women's empowerment); population still grows but at a slower rate; India is in this stage; Stage 4 — Low Stationary: Both birth rates and death rates are low; population stabilizes; Why India is in Stage 3 (Late Expanding): India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has declined from 5.9 (1960s) to approximately 2.0 (2021) — near replacement level; Death rates are low due to improved healthcare; Population growth is slowing but India remains the world's most populous country (surpassed China in 2023); Urban areas show lower fertility while rural areas still show higher fertility.
Option (a) High stationary stage — Incorrect: The High Stationary stage (Stage 1) is characterized by both high birth rates AND high death rates with stable population; India no longer has high death rates and its birth rate is declining, placing it beyond Stage 1.
Option (b) Early expanding stage — Incorrect: The Early Expanding stage (Stage 2) is characterized by falling death rates but still-high birth rates with rapid population growth; India has already progressed past this stage as its birth rates are also declining.
Option (d) Low stationary stage — Incorrect: The Low Stationary stage (Stage 4) requires both very low birth rates AND very low death rates with stable population; India has not yet reached this stage — its TFR is still near or slightly above replacement level, with population still growing.

SSC GD 2026 – 19 May 2026 Shift 2 · Literacy rate

Q44. What is the literacy rate of Kerala according to the 2011 Census?

(a) 94.00%
(b) 88.70%
(c) 87.10%
(d) 99.00%

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 94.00%

Correct Answer: 94.00% — Option (a)
According to the 2011 Census of India, Kerala's literacy rate is 94.00%, making it the highest literacy rate among all major Indian states. The breakdown is: Male literacy: 96.11%; Female literacy: 92.07%; Overall: 94.00%. Kerala achieved this high literacy through: universal elementary education, strong government investment in schooling, active role of Christian missionaries in early education, high social awareness, matrilineal family traditions that empowered women's education, and effective implementation of adult education programmes . The national average literacy rate in 2011 was 74.04%.
Option (b) 88.70% — Incorrect: 88.70% is not the literacy rate of Kerala as per the 2011 Census; the correct figure is 94.00%, which is significantly higher.
Option (c) 87.10% — Incorrect: 87.10% does not match Kerala's 2011 Census literacy rate of 94.00%; this figure is closer to Mizoram's or Tripura's literacy rates.
Option (d) 99.00% — Incorrect: While Kerala is India's most literate state, its 2011 Census literacy rate is 94.00%, not 99.00%; no Indian state has achieved 99% literacy as per 2011 Census data.

SSC GD 2026 – 18 May 2026 Shift 1 · Urbanisation and migration

Q45. According to Census 2011, which state in India has recorded the maximum rural population?

(a) Bihar
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Maharashtra
(d) West Bengal

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Uttar Pradesh

Correct Answer: Uttar Pradesh — Option (b)
According to Census 2011, Uttar Pradesh (UP) has the maximum rural population in India in absolute numbers. UP's rural population was approximately 15.51 crore (155.1 million) — the highest among all Indian states. While Bihar has the highest percentage of rural population (88.7%), Uttar Pradesh (with a much larger total population of 19.98 crore) has the highest absolute number of rural inhabitants. UP's total population (19.98 crore) makes it the most populous state in India, and with approximately 77.7% of its population living in rural areas, it has the largest absolute rural population.
Option (a) Bihar — Incorrect: Bihar has the highest PROPORTION of rural population (~88.7%), but its absolute rural population is less than Uttar Pradesh's because Bihar's total population is smaller.
Option (c) Maharashtra — Incorrect: Maharashtra, though one of the most urbanized states, has a significant rural population, but it is far less than Uttar Pradesh's rural population in absolute terms.
Option (d) West Bengal — Incorrect: West Bengal's rural population, while significant, is smaller in absolute numbers than Uttar Pradesh's rural population as per Census 2011.

SSC GD 2026 – 18 May 2026 Shift 3 · Workforce composition and work participation

Q46. A person is considered a main worker in India if they work for at least _____ days in the reference year.

(a) 83
(b) 90
(c) 100
(d) 183

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) 183

Correct Answer: 183 — Option (d)
According to India's Census classification, a 'Main Worker' is a person who has worked for at least 183 days (approximately 6 months) in the reference year. Workers are classified into two categories: Main Workers — those who worked for 183 or more days in a year; Marginal Workers — those who worked for fewer than 183 days in a year. Non-workers are those who did not work at all. This classification is used in the Census of India to categorise the working population and analyse employment patterns. Workers are further categorised as: Cultivators, Agricultural Labourers , Workers in household industry, and Other Workers.
Option (a) 83 — Incorrect: 83 days is far less than the 183-day threshold required to be classified as a main worker in India's Census.
Option (b) 90 — Incorrect: 90 days (approximately 3 months) is the threshold used in some employment guarantee schemes, but NOT for the Census definition of a main worker (which requires 183 days).
Option (c) 100 — Incorrect: 100 days is the guaranteed employment under MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act), but the Census definition of a main worker requires 183 days.

SSC GD 2026 – 9 May 2026 Shift 2 · Workforce composition and work participation

Q47. In the Indian Census, the working population is classified into which of the following three categories?

(a) Main workers, Marginal workers, and Non-workers
(b) Agricultural, Industrial, and Service workers
(c) Organised , Unorganised , and Unemployed
(d) Rural, Urban, and Migrant workers

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Main workers, Marginal workers, and Non-workers

Correct Answer: Main workers, Marginal workers, and Non-workers — Option (a)
In the Indian Census, the total population is classified into workers and non-workers, and workers are further categorised as: (1) Main Workers — those who have worked for the major part of the year (6 months or 183 days or more) in any economically productive activity; (2) Marginal Workers — those who have worked for less than 6 months (fewer than 183 days) during the reference year; (3) Non-Workers — those who did not participate in any economically productive activity (e.g., housewives engaged only in household duties, students, dependants , retirees). Main workers are further sub-classified into cultivators, agricultural labourers , workers in household industries, and other workers.
Option (b) Agricultural, Industrial, and Service workers — Incorrect: This is an economic sector-based classification (primary, secondary, tertiary), not the Census classification of workers.
Option (c) Organised , Unorganised , and Unemployed — Incorrect: This is a labour market classification based on formal/informal sector; it is not the Census classification.
Option (d) Rural, Urban, and Migrant workers — Incorrect: This is a geographical/location-based classification; the Indian Census classifies workers by duration of work (Main, Marginal, Non-workers), not by rural/urban location.

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 9 May 2026 Shift 2 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q48. What is the primary reason for the rapid population growth in developing countries during the second stage of the Demographic Transition Model?

(a) Low birth rates and high death rates
(b) High birth rates and high death rates
(c) High birth rates and declining death rates
(d) Low birth rates and low death rates

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) High birth rates and declining death rates

Demographic Transition Model - Stage 2
Stage 2 characteristics:
• Death rates decline due to improved healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition
• Birth rates remain high (traditional family norms continue)
• Gap between high births and low deaths → rapid population growth
This stage is typical of developing countries undergoing modernization
Answer: Option 3 → High birth rates and declining death rates

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 9 May 2026 Shift 3 · Literacy rate

Q49. What was India’s literacy rate according to the Census 2011 data?

(a) 74.04%
(b) 64.83%
(c) 79.40%
(d) 70.00%

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 74.04%

Census 2011 - India's Literacy Rate
According to Census 2011 data:
Overall literacy rate:74.04%
Male literacy: 82.14%
Female literacy: 65.46%
This showed significant improvement from Census 2001 (64.83%).
Answer: Option 1 → 74.04%

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 9 May 2026 Shift 3 · Sex ratio and child sex ratio

Q50. Which Indian state recorded the lowest child sex ratio (0–6 years) in the 2011 census?

(a) Chandigarh
(b) Punjab
(c) Haryana
(d) Jammu & Kashmir

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Haryana

Child Sex Ratio (0-6 years) - Census 2011
Child Sex Ratio = Number of girls per 1000 boys (0-6 age group)
Lowest Child Sex Ratios in 2011:
1. Haryana →830(Lowest in India)
2. Punjab → 846
3. Jammu & Kashmir → 859
Haryana consistently shows poor child sex ratio due to gender discrimination and female foeticide issues.
Answer: Option 3 → Haryana

SSC GD 2026 – 8 May 2026 Shift 1 · Census - history and organisation

Q51. The Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner
comes under which Union Ministry of India?

(a) Ministry of Home Affairs
(b) Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
(c) Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
(d) Ministry of Human Resource Development

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Ministry of Home Affairs

Correct Answer: Ministry of Home Affairs — Option (a)
The Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India (ORGI) functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India. The ORGI is responsible for conducting the decennial Census of India, maintaining the Civil Registration System (CRS), and managing the National Population Register (NPR). The Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India is appointed by the Government of India and oversees all census operations across the country. India conducts a census every 10 years, with the most recent one pending (2021 Census was delayed due to COVID-19).
Option (b) Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation — Incorrect: MoSPI handles national statistical surveys (NSSO, CSO) and GDP data; the Census Commissioner's office is under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Option (c) Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment — Incorrect: This ministry deals with welfare of SCs, OBCs, and persons with disabilities; it does not oversee the Census Commissioner's office.
Option (d) Ministry of Human Resource Development — Incorrect: The Ministry of HRD (now renamed Ministry of Education) deals with education policy; it does not control the Registrar General and Census Commissioner's office.

SSC GD 2026 – 8 May 2026 Shift 3 · Census 2011 - population and growth

Q52. According to the Census 2011, Rajasthan — the largest state by area — constitutes only _____ of India's total population.

(a) 5.5%
(b) 2.5%
(c) 1.5%
(d) 7.5%

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 5.5%

Correct Answer: 5.5% — Option (a)
According to Census 2011, Rajasthan has a population of approximately 6.89 crore (68.9 million), which constitutes about 5.66% of India's total population of 121.09 crore. Despite being the largest state by area (342,239 sq km — about 10.4% of India's total area), Rajasthan has a relatively small share of population due to the large arid and semi-arid Thar Desert region covering much of the western and northwestern parts of the state. The population density of Rajasthan (200 persons/sq km) is lower than the national average (382 persons/sq km).
Option (b) 2.5% — Incorrect: 2.5% would be too low for Rajasthan's population; it is approximately 5.5% of India's total.
Option (c) 1.5% — Incorrect: 1.5% is too low; Rajasthan's population share is approximately 5.5% of India's total.
Option (d) 7.5% — Incorrect: 7.5% would overstate Rajasthan's population share; the correct figure is approximately 5.5%.

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 8 May 2026 Shift 1 · Population density

Q53. Which of the following Union Territories had the lowest density of population according to Census 2011?

(a) Puducherry
(b) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(c) Chandigarh
(d) Lakshadweep

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Topic:Population Density - Census 2011 (Union Territories)
Population Density = Population / Area
Census 2011 Data:
Chandigarh: 9,252 persons/km² (highest among UTs)
Puducherry: 2,547 persons/km²
Lakshadweep: 2,013 persons/km²
Andaman & Nicobar: 46 persons/km² (lowest)
Andaman & Nicobar has large area (8,249 km²) but small population.
Answer: Option 2 → Andaman and Nicobar Islands

SSC GD 2026 – 7 May 2026 Shift 2 · Religious and linguistic composition (census data)

Q54. According to Census 2011, which of the following religious groups
in India is most concentrated in urban areas?
I. Jains II. Christians

(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Only I

Correct Answer: Only I — Option (a)
According to Census 2011, Jains are the most concentrated in urban areas among all religious groups in India, with approximately 72.4% of Jains living in urban areas — the highest urban concentration of any religious community. Jains are historically associated with trade and commerce, which explains their high concentration in cities. Christians have a higher urbanization rate than the national average (around 35.5%), but their urban concentration is significantly lower than that of Jains. Therefore, only Jains (Statement I) qualify as being most concentrated in urban areas.
Option (b) Only II — Incorrect: While Christians are more urbanized than the national average, Jains have a much higher urban concentration (72.4%); Jains, not Christians, are the most urbanized community.
Option (c) Both I and II — Incorrect: Both Jains and Christians are more urban than the national average, but the question asks which group is MOST concentrated in urban areas; only Jains stand out as the most urbanized.
Option (d) Neither I nor II — Incorrect: Jains are clearly the most urbanized religious group per Census 2011.

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 7 May 2026 Shift 3 · Population density

Q55. Which one of the following economic factors attracts population to an area?

(a) Industrial development
(b) High cost of living
(c) Lack of job opportunities
(d) Limited transportation facilities

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Industrial development

Topic: Population Migration - Economic Factors
Pull Factors(attract population):
• Industrial development creates employment
• Better wages and income opportunities
• Improved standard of living
Push Factors(repel population):
• High cost of living (Option 2)
• Lack of job opportunities (Option 3)
• Limited transportation (Option 4)
Industrial development is the primary economic pull factor.
Answer: Option 1 → Industrial development

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 7 May 2026 Shift 3 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q56. Which of the following features characterises Stage III of demographic transition?

(a) Low fertility and low mortality
(b) High mortality and high fertility
(c) High migration and low death rate
(d) Rapid death rate increase

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Low fertility and low mortality

Demographic Transition Model - Stage III
Stage I: High birth rate, high death rate (pre-industrial)
Stage II: High birth rate, declining death rate (developing)
Stage III: Declining birth rate, low death rate (industrial)
Stage IV: Low birth rate, low death rate (post-industrial)
Stage III characteristics:
• Birth rate falls due to urbanization, education, family planning
• Death rate remains low due to better healthcare
• Population growth slows down
Answer: Option 1 → Low fertility and low mortality

SSC GD 2026 – 6 May 2026 Shift 1 · Religious and linguistic composition (census data)

Q57. The ___ religious group saw the highest decadal population growth rate in India between the 2001 and 2011 censuses.

(a) Sikh
(b) Muslim
(c) Buddhist
(d) Hindu

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Muslim

Correct Answer: Muslim — Option (b)
According to the Census of India 2011, the Muslim population recorded the highest decadal growth rate (24.6%) among all major religious groups in India between 2001 and 2011. The growth rates for other communities during the same period were: Hindu — 16.8%, Sikh — 8.4%, Buddhist — 6.1%, Christian — 15.5%, Jain — 5.4%. The Muslim population grew from 13.43% of India's population in 2001 to 14.23% in 2011. However, it should be noted that Muslim population growth rate has been declining over successive censuses.
Option (a) Sikh — Incorrect: The Sikh community had the lowest decadal growth rate (8.4%) among major religious groups in the 2001–2011 period.
Option (c) Buddhist — Incorrect: The Buddhist community had a growth rate of 6.1%, which was among the lowest, not the highest.
Option (d) Hindu — Incorrect: The Hindu community had a decadal growth rate of 16.8%, lower than the Muslim growth rate of 24.6% during 2001–2011.

SSC GD 2026 – 5 May 2026 Shift 1 · Population density

Q58. Which of the following areas are densely populated in India?
I. Brahmaputra plains
II. Ganga plains

(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Both I and II

Correct Answer: Both I and II — Option (c)
Both the Brahmaputra plains (in Assam) and the Ganga plains (in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, etc.) are among the most densely populated regions in India. The Ganga plains form the most densely populated part of India, being the heartland of Indian civilization with fertile alluvial soil. The Brahmaputra plains in Assam are also densely populated, supporting intensive rice cultivation and large settlements. Both plains have flat, fertile land, reliable river water, and favorable climate for agriculture and settlement.
Option (a) Only I — Incorrect: Not just the Brahmaputra plains but also the Ganga plains are densely populated.
Option (b) Only II — Incorrect: Not just the Ganga plains but also the Brahmaputra plains are densely populated.
Option (d) Neither I nor II — Incorrect: Both the Brahmaputra and Ganga plains are among the most densely populated regions of India.

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 27 March 2026 Shift 1 · Literacy rate

Q59. Which of the following statements is correct about the literacy of India between 2001 and 2011?

(a) Male literacy and female literacy have risen parallelly.
(b) Male literacy has declined whereas female literacy has risen.
(c) Female literacy has risen faster than male literacy.
(d) Male literacy has risen faster than female literacy.

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Female literacy has risen faster than male literacy.

Topic: Census 2001-2011 Literacy Trends
Literacy Rate 2001:
Male: 75.3%, Female: 53.7%
Gap: 21.6%
Literacy Rate 2011:
Male: 82.1%, Female: 65.5%
Gap: 16.6%
Growth Analysis:
Male increase: 82.1 - 75.3 = 6.8%
Female increase: 65.5 - 53.7 = 11.8%
Answer: Option 3 → Female literacy has risen faster than male literacy.

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 25 March 2026 Shift 2 · Census 2011 - population and growth

Q60. As per Census of India 2011, which union territory of India recorded the highest population growth rate?

(a) Puducherry
(b) Daman and Diu
(c) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(d) Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Topic:Census 2011 - Union Territory Population Growth
Dadra and Nagar Havelirecorded the highest decadal growth rate among all UTs at55.5%.
Other UT growth rates (2001-2011):
Daman and Diu: 53.5%
Puducherry: 28.1%
Andaman and Nicobar: 6.7%
Answer: Option 4 → Dadra and Nagar Haveli

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 25 March 2026 Shift 2 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q61. Which of the following is NOT a component of the actual population growth?

(a) Urbanisation rate
(b) Death rate
(c) In-migration
(d) Birth rate

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Urbanisation rate

Population Growth Components
Actual population growth is determined by:
•Natural increase= Birth rate - Death rate
•Migration= In-migration - Out-migration
Formula:Population Growth = (Births - Deaths) + (In-migration - Out-migration)
Urbanisation ratemeasures the proportion of population living in urban areas.
It is ademographic indicator, not a direct component of population growth.
Answer: Option 1 → Urbanisation rate

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 25 March 2026 Shift 3 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q62. What does the crude birth rate (CBR) measure in demographic studies?

(a) Share of employed women in workforce
(b) Ratio of deaths per hundred population
(c) Net rural to urban migration
(d) Number of live births per thousand annually

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Number of live births per thousand annually

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
CBR is a key demographic indicator that measures fertility levels in a population.
Definition:Number of live births per 1,000 people in a population during a given year.
Formula:CBR = (Total Live Births / Total Population) × 1,000
It provides a basic measure of population growth and reproductive patterns.
Answer: Option 4 → Number of live births per thousand annually

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 22 March 2026 Shift 3 · Literacy rate

Q63. Which of the following states/UT in India had the literacy rate above 80% as per Census 2011?

(a) Sikkim and Odisha
(b) Goa and Tripura
(c) Tamil Nadu and Assam
(d) Himachal Pradesh and Haryana

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Goa and Tripura

Topic:Census 2011 - Literacy Rate
States/UTs with literacy rate above 80%:
Kerala (93.91%), Lakshadweep (92.28%), Mizoram (91.58%)
Tripura (87.75%), Goa (87.40%), Daman & Diu (87.07%)
Puducherry (86.55%), Chandigarh (86.43%)
Delhi (86.34%), Andaman & Nicobar (86.27%)
Checking options:
Sikkim (82.20%) ✓ , Odisha (73.45%) ✗
Goa (87.40%) ✓ , Tripura (87.75%) ✓
Tamil Nadu (80.33%) ✓ , Assam (73.18%) ✗
Himachal Pradesh (83.78%) ✓ , Haryana (76.64%) ✗
Answer: Option 2 → Goa and Tripura

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 18 March 2026 Shift 1 · Population density

Q64. As per Census of 2011, which of the following states is least densely populated?

(a) Mizoram
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Assam
(d) Arunachal Pradesh

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Arunachal Pradesh

Population Density (persons per sq km):
Arunachal Pradesh: 17
Mizoram: 52
Rajasthan: 201
Assam: 398
Key Fact:Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest population density among all Indian states due to its large area (83,743 sq km) and small population.
Answer: Option 4 → Arunachal Pradesh

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 18 March 2026 Shift 2 · Population density

Q65. Which of the following regions would you expect has the highest population density based on geographic factors?

(a) Amazon rainforest in Brazil
(b) Ganga River basin in India
(c) Sahara Desert in Africa
(d) Canadian Arctic tundra

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Ganga River basin in India

Favorable factors for high population:
Fertile plains, water availability, moderate climate, agriculture
Analysis of options:
Amazon rainforest → Dense forest, difficult terrain, low density
Ganga basin → Fertile alluvial plains, abundant water, ideal for farming
Sahara Desert → Extreme heat, water scarcity, uninhabitable
Canadian Arctic → Extreme cold, permafrost, very sparse population
Ganga basinsupports intensive agriculture and dense settlements
Answer: Option 2 → Ganga River basin in India

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 17 March 2026 Shift 1 · Census 2011 - population and growth

Q66. According to Census 2011, which of the following states showed a negative decadal population growth rate between 2001 and 2011?

(a) Gujrat
(b) Punjab
(c) Kerela
(d) Nagaland

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Nagaland

Negative Growth State: Nagaland
Nagaland showed-0.47%decadal growth rate.
It was the only state with negative population growth in Census 2011.
Other states had positive growth:
Gujarat: 19.17%, Punjab: 13.73%, Kerala: 4.86%
Answer: Option 4 → Nagaland

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 16 March 2026 Shift 2 · Literacy rate

Q67. Between 2001 and 2011, the male-female gap in the literacy rate of India __________.

(a) decreased
(b) became zero
(c) increased
(d) remained the same

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) decreased

Male–Female Literacy Gap:
Census 2001: Male ~75.3%, Female ~53.7% → Gap ≈ 21.6%
Census 2011: Male ~82.1%, Female ~65.5% → Gap ≈ 16.6%
The gap DECREASED from ~21.6% in 2001 to ~16.6% in 2011.
Key Facts for Exam:
• Overall literacy 2001 = 64.8%; Overall literacy 2011 = 74.0%.
• Female literacy grew faster than male literacy in this decade.
• Kerala has the highest literacy rate among all states.
• Bihar has the lowest literacy rate.
• Literacy = ability to read and write with understanding in any language.
Answer: Option 1 → decreased

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 16 March 2026 Shift 3 · Census - history and organisation

Q68. The census in India is conducted once in ten years under the legal authority of the Census Act ____________.

(a) 1947
(b) 2010
(c) 1948
(d) 1872

Answer & solution

The Census in India is conducted every 10 years under the Census Act, 1948.
Key Facts:
• Census is a Union Subject (List I, Seventh Schedule).
• Conducted by the Registrar General & Census Commissioner of India.
• First post-independence Census: 1951.
• Last completed Census: 2011.
• 2021 Census was delayed due to COVID-19.
Answer: Option 3 → 1948

SSC MTS 2025 – 20 February 2026 Shift 1 · Census 2011 - population and growth

Q69. As per census 2011, almost half of India's population lives in just _____ states.

(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 11
(d) 9

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 5

Correct Answer: 5 (Option 2)
According to Census 2011, approximately half of India's total population is concentrated in just 5 states: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh (undivided). These five states together account for nearly 50% of India's population, reflecting the highly uneven distribution of population across Indian states.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 – 3 states would be too few to account for half the population.
Option 3 – 11 is more than required; half the population is in just 5.
Option 4 – 9 states is also more than what census data indicates for this figure.

SSC MTS 2025 – 20 February 2026 Shift 2 · State and district rankings (census)

Q70. Which of these states/UTs had the lowest population as per census 1951?

(a) Sikkim
(b) Lakshadweep
(c) Mizoram
(d) Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Lakshadweep

Correct Answer: Lakshadweep (Option 2)
As per the Census of 1951, Lakshadweep (then known as Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands) had the lowest population among the given options, with only around 21,000 people. Being a tiny archipelago in the Arabian Sea, it has always had one of the smallest populations in India.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 – Sikkim was an independent kingdom in 1951 and not part of India at that time (it merged in 1975).
Option 3 – Mizoram (then part of Assam) had a larger population than Lakshadweep.
Option 4 – Andaman & Nicobar Islands, while sparsely populated, had a larger population than Lakshadweep in 1951.

SSC MTS 2025 – 16 February 2026 Shift 2 · Workforce composition and work participation

Q71. Marginal Worker in India is a person who works for less than ____ days in a year.

(a) 83
(b) 90
(c) 100
(d) 183

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) 183

According to the Census of India definition, a Marginal Worker is a person who has worked for less than 183 days (approximately 6 months) in the reference year. A Main Worker, in contrast, is one who has worked for 183 days or more in the year. This classification is used to measure labour force participation and employment patterns.
Why other options are incorrect:
- 83: Not the threshold used in the Census definition for Marginal Workers.
- 90: Not the defined cut-off; the threshold is 183 days.
- 100: Incorrect; the Census specifically uses 183 days as the dividing line.

SSC MTS 2025 – 13 February 2026 Shift 2 · Urbanisation and migration

Q72. What is the population range for a Class-I city as per the Census of India?

(a) 1 lakh and above
(b) 10,000 - 19,999
(c) Below 5,000
(d) 50,000 - 99,999

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 1 lakh and above

As per the Census of India classification, a Class-I city (Urban Agglomeration or town) has a population of 1 lakh (100,000) and above. These are the largest urban centres in India.
Why other options are incorrect:
- 10,000 - 19,999: This corresponds to Class-III towns as per Census classification.
- Below 5,000: This corresponds to Class-VI towns.
- 50,000 - 99,999: This corresponds to Class-II towns.

SSC MTS 2025 – 12 February 2026 Shift 1 · Census - history and organisation

Q73. The Census Act, _____ and the Census Rules, 1990 provide the legal framework for conduct of Census.

(a) 1948
(b) 1958
(c) 1951
(d) 1955

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 1948

Correct Answer: Option 1 – 1948
The Census of India is governed by the Census Act, 1948, and the Census Rules, 1990. The Census Act, 1948 provides the statutory framework for the collection, compilation, and publication of census data. It empowers the government to appoint census officers and makes it compulsory for citizens to provide correct information.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 2 (1958): No such Census Act was enacted in 1958.
Option 3 (1951): 1951 was the year India conducted its first post-independence census, not when the Act was passed.
Option 4 (1955): No relevant census legislation was passed in 1955.

SSC MTS 2025 – 12 February 2026 Shift 3 · Population density

Q74. In which of the following city, the main reason of dense population is industrial areas which provide employment opportunities?

(a) Varanasi
(b) Mumbai
(c) Puri
(d) Leh

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Mumbai

Correct Answer: Option 2 – Mumbai
Mumbai is one of India's most densely populated cities primarily because it is the country's financial and industrial capital. It hosts a vast concentration of industries — textile mills (historically), financial institutions, film industry, ports, and manufacturing units — all of which attract large numbers of workers seeking employment, leading to very high population density.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Varanasi): Varanasi's dense population is due to religious, tourism, and trade reasons, not primarily industry.
Option 3 (Puri): Puri is a religious tourist city; its population density is not driven by industrial employment.
Option 4 (Leh): Leh is a high-altitude town with sparse population; it is not a major industrial centre.

SSC MTS 2025 – 11 February 2026 Shift 1 · Population density

Q75. Which of the following factor affect the distribution of population?
I. Soil
II. Minerals

(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Both I and II

The correct answer is Both I and II (Option 3). Both soil and minerals are physical factors that affect population distribution. Fertile soil attracts agricultural settlements, leading to dense population (e.g., river plains). Mineral-rich areas attract mining and industrial activities, leading to dense settlements (e.g., Chota Nagpur Plateau). Option 1 (Only I) and Option 2 (Only II) are partially correct but incomplete. Option 4 (Neither) is incorrect.

SSC MTS 2025 – 10 February 2026 Shift 1 · Urbanisation and migration

Q76. India has about _______ villages according to the Census 2011.

(a) 340867
(b) 140867
(c) 640867
(d) 840867

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 640867

Correct Answer: 3 – 640867.
According to the Census of India 2011, India has approximately 6,40,867 (about 6.4 lakh) inhabited villages. India is predominantly a rural country and has the largest number of villages in the world.
Option 1 (340867) and Option 2 (140867) are too low.
Option 4 (840867) is too high.

SSC MTS 2025 – 10 February 2026 Shift 1 · Sex ratio and child sex ratio

Q77. The child sex ratio in India was _____ females per thousand males in 2011 census.

(a) 918
(b) 980
(c) 960
(d) 987

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 918

Correct Answer: 1 – 918.
According to Census 2011, the Child Sex Ratio (CSR) in India for the age group 0-6 years was 918 females per 1000 males. This was a decline from 927 in Census 2001, indicating the problem of female foeticide and son preference in Indian society. The overall sex ratio (all ages) was 943 females per 1000 males as per Census 2011.
Options 2 (980), 3 (960), and 4 (987) are incorrect figures for the child sex ratio in 2011.

SSC MTS 2025 – 10 February 2026 Shift 2 · Population density

Q78. Which of the following states has the lowest population density (Per square km) as per census 2011?

(a) Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Kerala
(d) Goa

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Arunachal Pradesh

Correct Answer: 1 – Arunachal Pradesh.
As per Census 2011, Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest population density among all Indian states, with approximately 17 persons per square km. This is due to its large area, mountainous terrain, and sparse population. Among all states, it has the lowest density.
Tamil Nadu (Option 2) has a high population density of about 555 persons per sq km.
Kerala (Option 3) has approximately 860 persons per sq km.
Goa (Option 4) has approximately 394 persons per sq km.

SSC MTS 2025 – 10 February 2026 Shift 3 · Sex ratio and child sex ratio

Q79. According to Census 2011, which state had the highest sex ratio in India?

(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Kerala
(c) Puducherry
(d) Goa

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Kerala

The correct answer is Kerala (Option 2). According to Census 2011, Kerala had the highest sex ratio in India at 1084 females per 1000 males among states. Option 1 is incorrect as Tamil Nadu had a sex ratio of 996. Option 3 is a Union Territory and not a state; among UTs, Puducherry had a high ratio but the question asks about states. Option 4 (Goa) had a sex ratio of 973.

SSC MTS 2025 – 10 February 2026 Shift 3 · Census - history and organisation

Q80. Which of the following is NOT one of the major occupational categories in India as per the 2011 Census?

(a) Cultivators
(b) Agricultural Labourers
(c) Teachers
(d) Household Industrial Workers

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Teachers

The correct answer is Teachers (Option 3). The 2011 Census classifies workers into four major categories: (1) Cultivators, (2) Agricultural Labourers, (3) Workers in Household Industry, and (4) Other Workers. 'Teachers' is not a separate occupational category in Census 2011 classification — they fall under 'Other Workers.' Options 1, 2, and 4 are all part of the official Census classification.

SSC MTS 2025 – 9 February 2026 Shift 2 · Religious and linguistic composition (census data)

Q81. The growth rate of the Christian population in India between 2001 and 2011 was _____.

(a) 15.5%
(b) 21.5%
(c) 10.5%
(d) 19.5%

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 15.5%

Correct Answer: 1 – 15.5%.
According to Census 2011, the growth rate of the Christian population in India between 2001 and 2011 was 15.5%. The total Christian population in India was approximately 2.78 crore (2.3% of the total population) as per the 2011 Census.
Options 2 (21.5%), 3 (10.5%), and 4 (19.5%) are incorrect as they do not match the Census 2011 data for Christian population growth.

SSC MTS 2025 – 9 February 2026 Shift 3 · Urbanisation and migration

Q82. As per Census 2011, which of the following states experienced a decline in rural population compared to 2001?

(a) Kerala
(b) Gujarat
(c) Karnataka
(d) Andhra Pradesh

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Kerala

Correct Answer: 1 – Kerala.
As per Census 2011, Kerala is the notable state that experienced a decline in absolute rural population compared to 2001. This is primarily due to rapid urbanisation — many areas that were earlier classified as rural were reclassified as urban, leading to a decline in the recorded rural population.
Gujarat (Option 2), Karnataka (Option 3), and Andhra Pradesh (Option 4) showed growth in rural population between 2001 and 2011.

SSC MTS 2025 – 6 February 2026 Shift 1 · Census 2011 - population and growth

Q83. What is Death rate?

(a) It is the number of deaths per 100 people.
(b) It is the number of deaths per 1000 people.
(c) It is the number of deaths per 10000 people.
(d) It is the number of deaths per 100000 people.

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) It is the number of deaths per 1000 people.

Correct Answer: 2 (It is the number of deaths per 1000 people)
The Death Rate (also called Crude Death Rate) is defined as the number of deaths per 1000 people per year in a given population. It is a key demographic indicator used to measure population health.
Option 1 (per 100) is incorrect - death rate is not measured per 100 people.
Option 3 (per 10000) is incorrect.
Option 4 (per 100000) is incorrect - per 100,000 is typically used for disease-specific mortality rates, not the general crude death rate.

SSC MTS 2025 – 6 February 2026 Shift 2 · Census 2011 - population and growth

Q84. As per census 2011, which among the following state had the highest population?

(a) Rajasthan
(b) West Bengal
(c) Karnataka
(d) Tamil Nadu

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) West Bengal

Correct Answer: 2 (West Bengal)
As per Census 2011, among the four options given, West Bengal had the highest population of approximately 9.13 crore (91.3 million), making it the 4th most populous state in India overall.
Population comparison (Census 2011):
- West Bengal: ~9.13 crore
- Tamil Nadu: ~7.21 crore
- Rajasthan: ~6.86 crore
- Karnataka: ~6.11 crore
Note: Uttar Pradesh had the highest population overall (19.98 crore) but was not among the given options.

SSC MTS 2025 – 6 February 2026 Shift 2 · Census 2011 - population and growth

Q85. In the context of population change, if the birth rate is _ than death rate, the population will _.

(a) less, increase
(b) less, decrease
(c) more, be same
(d) less, be same

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) less, decrease

Correct Answer: 2 (less, decrease)
Population change is determined by the difference between birth rate and death rate (natural growth rate):
- If birth rate > death rate: population increases
- If birth rate < death rate: population decreases
- If birth rate = death rate: population remains the same
When birth rate is LESS than death rate, more people are dying than being born, so the population will DECREASE.
Option 1 (less, increase) is incorrect - if births are fewer than deaths, population cannot increase.
Option 3 (more, be same) is incorrect - if birth rate is more than death rate, population grows.
Option 4 (less, be same) is incorrect - population remains the same only when birth rate equals death rate.

SSC MTS 2025 – 6 February 2026 Shift 3 · Sex ratio and child sex ratio

Q86. As per the 5th report of National Family Health Survey (2019-21) the sex ratio of total population of India (females per 1000 males) is _____.

(a) 1020
(b) 990
(c) 950
(d) 1080

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 1020

Correct Answer: 1 (1020)
As per the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5, 2019-21), the sex ratio of the total population of India is 1020 females per 1000 males. This is an improvement over previous surveys and is significant as it is the first time the sex ratio exceeded 1000 females per 1000 males in an NFHS survey.
Option 2 (990) is incorrect.
Option 3 (950) is incorrect - the candidate chose this wrong option.
Option 4 (1080) is incorrect.

SSC MTS 2025 – 5 February 2026 Shift 3 · Religious and linguistic composition (census data)

Q87. Which of the following language families is the most spoken in India?

(a) Indo-European
(b) Dravidian
(c) Tibeto-Burmese
(d) Austro-Asiatic

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Indo-European

Correct Answer: Indo-European
The Indo-European language family (specifically the Indo-Aryan branch) is the most spoken in India, with approximately 74% of the population speaking these languages. Major Indo-Aryan languages include Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi, Odia, Assamese, and Urdu.
Why other options are wrong:
Dravidian - Second largest; includes Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam (about 24% speakers).
Tibeto-Burmese - Spoken by small populations in northeastern India and Himalayan regions.
Austro-Asiatic - Includes Santali and Mundari, spoken by tribal communities (about 1.2% speakers).

SSC MTS 2025 – 4 February 2026 Shift 3 · Census - history and organisation

Q88. In which of the following years was the census not conducted in Jammu & Kashmir?

(a) 1981
(b) 1991
(c) 2001
(d) 2011

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 1991

Correct Answer: 1991
The 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu & Kashmir due to widespread militancy and serious law-and-order problems. It is the only decennial census skipped in J&K since India's independence.
Why other options are wrong:
1981 - Census was conducted normally.
2001 - Census was conducted normally.
2011 - Census was conducted normally.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 6 January 2026 Shift 1 · Census 2011 - population and growth

Q89. Which is the only state in India to record a negative decadal population growth rate (-0.6%) in the 2011 Census?

(a) Kerala
(b) Nagaland
(c) Goa
(d) Sikkim

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Nagaland

The correct answer is (b) Nagaland.
According to the 2011 Census of India, Nagaland was the only state to record a negative decadal population growth rate of -0.6%, meaning its population actually decreased between 2001 and 2011. This was primarily due to out-migration, especially of young people seeking education and employment in other states.
(a) Kerala: Recorded a positive but low decadal growth rate of about 4.9% in 2011 Census; not negative.
(c) Goa: Recorded a positive population growth in 2011 Census; not negative.
(d) Sikkim: Despite being a small state, recorded a positive population growth in 2011 Census; not negative.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 6 January 2026 Shift 1 · Demographic concepts and transition

Q90. Which of these states is not part of the 'BIMARU' states, an acronym for states with poor demographic indicators?

(a) Bihar
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Karnataka

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Karnataka

The correct answer is (d) Karnataka.
BIMARU is an acronym coined by demographer Ashish Bose in 1980s for states with poor demographic indicators. It stands for: Bihar (B), Madhya Pradesh (M), Rajasthan (R), and Uttar Pradesh (U). Karnataka is NOT part of the BIMARU states; it is a relatively more developed southern state with better human development indices.
(a) Bihar: The 'B' in BIMARU; historically one of India's poorest states with high population growth and poverty.
(b) Madhya Pradesh: The 'M' in BIMARU; large central state with significant development challenges.
(c) Rajasthan: The 'R' in BIMARU (though some versions use the first 'R' for Rajasthan and the 'U' for Uttar Pradesh).

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 6 January 2026 Shift 3 · Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC)

Q91. The 'Socio-Economic and Caste Census' (SECC) 2011 for rural areas was conducted by which Ministry?

(a) Ministry of Home Affairs
(b) Ministry of Rural Development
(c) Ministry of Statistics
(d) Ministry of Finance

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Ministry of Rural Development

The correct answer is (b) Ministry of Rural Development.
The Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011 for rural areas was conducted by the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. It was the first comprehensive survey after Independence to simultaneously collect data on the socio-economic status and caste of Indian households, covering all rural and urban areas.
(a) Ministry of Home Affairs: Conducts the decennial Population Census; the SECC was separate and conducted by Ministry of Rural Development for rural areas.
(c) Ministry of Statistics: Conducts economic surveys and NSSO surveys; the SECC was not under its purview.
(d) Ministry of Finance: Not involved in conducting the SECC 2011.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 6 January 2026 Shift 3 · Census - history and organisation

Q92. As per the 2011 Census, a person is classified as a 'Main Worker' if they have worked for how many days in the preceding year?

(a) For 183 days or more
(b) For 120 days
(c) For less than 183 days
(d) For at least 100 days

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) For 183 days or more

The correct answer is (a) For 183 days or more.
As per the 2011 Census of India, a person is classified as a 'Main Worker' if they have worked for 183 days (6 months) or more in the preceding year. Those who worked for fewer than 183 days are classified as 'Marginal Workers.' Non-workers are those who did not work at all during the reference period.
(b) For 120 days: 120 days is less than 183; a person working only 120 days would be classified as a Marginal Worker, not a Main Worker.
(c) For less than 183 days: This is the criteria for Marginal Workers, not Main Workers.
(d) For at least 100 days: 100 days is well below the 183-day threshold for Main Workers; MGNREGS guarantees 100 days of work, but that is a different context.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 5 January 2026 Shift 3 · Religious and linguistic composition (census data)

Q93. According to the 2011 Census, which is the second most spoken language in India after Hindi?

(a) Marathi
(b) Telugu
(c) Tamil
(d) Bengali

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Bengali

The correct answer is (d) Bengali.
According to the 2011 Census, the most spoken language in India is Hindi (~52.83 crore speakers), and the second most spoken language is Bengali (~9.72 crore speakers). Bengali is the official language of West Bengal and Tripura.
(a) Marathi: Ranked 4th in India with approximately 8.3 crore speakers.
(b) Telugu: Ranked 3rd in India with approximately 8.1 crore speakers.
(c) Tamil: Ranked 5th in India with approximately 6.9 crore speakers.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 4 January 2026 Shift 2 · Census - history and organisation

Q94. What was the motto of the 2011 Census of India?

(a) Hamara Desh, Hamari Pahchaan
(b) Our Census, Our Future
(c) Count Every Indian
(d) Janganana Desh Ki Shaan

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Our Census, Our Future

The motto of the 2011 Census of India was 'Our Census, Our Future,' emphasizing the importance of citizen participation in the census for national planning and development.
(a) Incorrect: 'Hamara Desh, Hamari Pahchaan ' was not the official motto of the 2011 Census.
(c) Incorrect: 'Count Every Indian' was not the official 2011 Census motto.
(d) Incorrect: ' Janganana Desh Ki Shaan' was not the 2011 Census motto.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 4 January 2026 Shift 2 · Religious and linguistic composition (census data)

Q95. According to the 2011 Census of India, which state had the highest percentage of Christian population?

(a) Kerala
(b) Goa
(c) Nagaland
(d) Mizoram

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Nagaland

According to the 2011 Census, Nagaland had the highest percentage of Christian population among Indian states, with approximately 87.93% of its population identifying as Christian.
(a) Incorrect: Kerala has a significant Christian community (~18.4%) but far lower than Nagaland's percentage.
(b) Incorrect: Goa has about 25% Christian population, much lower than Nagaland.
(d) Incorrect: Mizoram has approximately 87.2% Christian population, slightly less than Nagaland.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 2 January 2026 Shift 3 · Urbanisation and migration

Q96. What type of migration is defined by the movement of people within the borders of a single country?

(a) Internal
(b) International
(c) Immigration
(d) Emigration

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Internal

Internal migration refers to the movement of people within the borders of a single country, from one region, state, or city to another. Examples include rural-to-urban migration and inter-state migration within India.
(a) Incorrect: International migration involves the movement of people across national borders from one country to another.
(b) Incorrect: Immigration specifically refers to people moving INTO a country from another country as their destination.
(c) Incorrect: Emigration refers to people leaving their home country to settle in another country permanently.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 30 December 2025 Shift 1 · Literacy rate

Q97. Which of the following correctly defines literacy as per the Census of India?

(a) Ability to read and write in English only
(b) Ability to read and write any language with understanding
(c) Ability to read but not write in any language
(d) Completion of primary education

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Ability to read and write any language with understanding

According to the Census of India, a person aged 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding in any language is considered literate. The definition does not restrict literacy to any particular language and does not require formal schooling.
(a) Incorrect: The Census definition is not restricted to English; literacy in any language counts.
(c) Incorrect: Being able to only read without writing does not qualify as literacy under the Census definition; both reading and writing are required.
(d) Incorrect: Completion of primary education is not the criterion; a person can be literate without attending school if they can read and write with understanding.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 30 December 2025 Shift 1 · Census 2011 - population and growth

Q98. Which single core component of population growth is defined as the movement of people across regions and territories?

(a) Mortality
(b) Migration
(c) Fertility
(d) Urbanisation

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Migration

Migration is defined as the movement of people from one place to another across regions and territories (internal or international). Along with fertility and mortality, migration is one of the three core components of population change.
(a) Incorrect: Mortality refers to death rates; it does not involve movement of people.
(c) Incorrect: Fertility refers to birth rates; it relates to reproduction, not movement.
(d) Incorrect: Urbanisation is a phenomenon (rural-to-urban shift), not a core demographic component defined as movement across regions.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 30 December 2025 Shift 2 · Census 2011 - population and growth

Q99. What specific characteristic of the Indian population is defined by individuals generally grouped in the age range of 10 to 19 years?

(a) Adult
(b) Elderly
(c) Adolescent
(d) Infant

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Adolescent

As per the WHO and Indian demographic classifications, individuals in the age group of 10 to 19 years are defined as 'Adolescents'. This group undergoes significant physical, psychological, and social changes during puberty and early teenage years.
(a) Incorrect: Adults are typically defined as individuals aged 18 years and above in legal contexts.
(b) Incorrect: Elderly refers to older persons, generally classified as those above 60 or 65 years of age.
(d) Incorrect: Infants are children in the earliest period of life, typically from birth to 12 months.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 30 December 2025 Shift 2 · Literacy rate

Q100. As per the 2011 Census, what is the definition of a 'literate' person?

(a) Anyone who can sign their name
(b) Age 7 and above, who can read and write in any language
(c) Age 5 and above, who can read in one language
(d) Anyone with a formal school education

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Age 7 and above, who can read and write in any language

As per the 2011 Census of India, a person aged 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding in any language is defined as 'literate'. This definition excludes those who can only read or only sign their name.
(a) Incorrect: The ability to sign one's name does not qualify as literacy under the 2011 Census definition, which requires both reading and writing ability.
(c) Incorrect: The literacy definition applies to those aged 7 and above, not 5 and above; and requires ability to both read and write.
(d) Incorrect: Having formal school education is not required; a self-taught person who can read and write is also considered literate.

1 2 3

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Q1. As per 2025 demographics, what is India's population density (people per sq. km)?

Q2. As per projections, which region's share of overall Indian population is set to decrease in 2025 and beyond?

Q3. India's Dependency Ratio is a critical measure of economic burden. In demographic terms, which age groups are considered "dependent" in calculating this ratio?

Q4. What is the estimated percentage of people in India aged 65 and above in 2025?

Q5. India's Median Age as per 2011 was around 24 years. What does this suggest about the population structure?

Q6. What is India's estimated population as of July 2025?

Q7. Which state contributes the largest share to India's incremental population growth (2025)?

Q8. As of July 2025, India's literacy rate (estimated) is closest to which of the following?

Q9. The rural-urban migration in India is mostly driven by which of the following factors according to Census 2011?

Q10. What does a low population doubling time indicate about a country's population growth, and where in India is this most evident?

Q11. Which is the main urban demographic trend highlighted in India between 2011 and 2025?

Q12. What is India's population pyramid expected to look like by 2047, based on current demographic transitions noted in 2025?

Q13. Which administrative authority is responsible for conducting the Census 2027 exercise in India?

Q14. Which one of the following represents the correct formula for crude birth rate (CBR), where B = live births during the year; P= Estimated mid year population of the area?

Q15. Which of the following is NOT a pull factor of migration?

Q16. Which of the following densities measures the pressure of population on net cultivated area in India?

Q17. Which among the following states had the largest population of children (0–6 years) as per the Census 2011 provisional figures?

Q18. According to the Census of India 2011, what was the sex ratio (number of females per 1,000 males) among the Scheduled Tribe (ST) population in India?

Q19. A country with a high birth rate and a high death rate typically reflects:

Q20. The Census 2011 of India is officially recognised as which number in the sequence of the continuous series of censuses reckoned from 1872?

Q21. What demographic shift characterizes Brazil’s transition since the 1980s?

Q22. Which of the following geographical factors most directly influences the location and growth of human settlements?

Q23. According to Census 2011, which Union Territory had the lowest literacy rate?

Q24. According to the Census 2011, which of the following states was the second most populous in the country?

Q25. Which one of the following combinations contributes to low population density?

Q26. As of 1 March 2001, what was the population of India?

Q27. As per the Census of India, which of the following states recorded the highest overall literacy rate in 2011?

Q28. Which of the following states has high population density due to early human settlement and development?

Q29. According to the Census 2011, which state remained the most populous in India?

Q30. In a population pyramid, a narrow base and a wider top are most likely to indicate which of the following?

Q31. Population density is defined as the number of people per:

Q32. According to the Census 2011, which of the following states has the highest population density among the northern Indian states?

Q33. According to the Census 2011, which of the following States and Union Territories recorded the lowest sex ratio in India?

Q34. According to the Census 2011, what was the approximate total literacy rate in India?

Q36. In India, the average number of children born to a woman in her lifetime (Total Fertility Rate) was 3.8 in __________.

Q37. In 1951, approximately what percentage of India's population lived in urban areas?

Q38. In the final stage of the Demographic Transition Theory, which of the following decreases?I. Birth rate (Fertility)II. Death rate

Q39. According to Census 2011, which is the largest metropolitan city in terms of population?

Q40. Which factor best explains the low sex ratio seen in northwestern India?

Q41. The decline in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in India has been mainly due to which of the following factors?

Q42. According to Census 2011, _____ had a population density of 1,102 persons per sq. km.

Q43. According to the Demographic Transition Theory, India is currently in which stage of population growth?

Q44. What is the literacy rate of Kerala according to the 2011 Census?

Q45. According to Census 2011, which state in India has recorded the maximum rural population?

Q46. A person is considered a main worker in India if they work for at least _____ days in the reference year.

Q47. In the Indian Census, the working population is classified into which of the following three categories?

Q48. What is the primary reason for the rapid population growth in developing countries during the second stage of the Demographic Transition Model?

Q49. What was India’s literacy rate according to the Census 2011 data?

Q50. Which Indian state recorded the lowest child sex ratio (0–6 years) in the 2011 census?

Q51. The Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissionercomes under which Union Ministry of India?

Q52. According to the Census 2011, Rajasthan — the largest state by area — constitutes only _____ of India's total population.

Q53. Which of the following Union Territories had the lowest density of population according to Census 2011?

Q54. According to Census 2011, which of the following religious groupsin India is most concentrated in urban areas?I. Jains II. Christians

Q55. Which one of the following economic factors attracts population to an area?

Q56. Which of the following features characterises Stage III of demographic transition?

Q57. The ___ religious group saw the highest decadal population growth rate in India between the 2001 and 2011 censuses.

Q58. Which of the following areas are densely populated in India?I. Brahmaputra plainsII. Ganga plains

Q59. Which of the following statements is correct about the literacy of India between 2001 and 2011?

Q60. As per Census of India 2011, which union territory of India recorded the highest population growth rate?

Q61. Which of the following is NOT a component of the actual population growth?

Q62. What does the crude birth rate (CBR) measure in demographic studies?

Q63. Which of the following states/UT in India had the literacy rate above 80% as per Census 2011?

Q64. As per Census of 2011, which of the following states is least densely populated?

Q65. Which of the following regions would you expect has the highest population density based on geographic factors?

Q66. According to Census 2011, which of the following states showed a negative decadal population growth rate between 2001 and 2011?

Q67. Between 2001 and 2011, the male-female gap in the literacy rate of India __________.

Q68. The census in India is conducted once in ten years under the legal authority of the Census Act ____________.

Q69. As per census 2011, almost half of India's population lives in just _____ states.

Q70. Which of these states/UTs had the lowest population as per census 1951?

Q71. Marginal Worker in India is a person who works for less than ____ days in a year.

Q72. What is the population range for a Class-I city as per the Census of India?

Q73. The Census Act, _____ and the Census Rules, 1990 provide the legal framework for conduct of Census.

Q74. In which of the following city, the main reason of dense population is industrial areas which provide employment opportunities?

Q75. Which of the following factor affect the distribution of population?I. SoilII. Minerals

Q76. India has about _______ villages according to the Census 2011.

Q77. The child sex ratio in India was _____ females per thousand males in 2011 census.

Q78. Which of the following states has the lowest population density (Per square km) as per census 2011?

Q79. According to Census 2011, which state had the highest sex ratio in India?

Q80. Which of the following is NOT one of the major occupational categories in India as per the 2011 Census?

Q81. The growth rate of the Christian population in India between 2001 and 2011 was _____.

Q38. In the final stage of the Demographic Transition Theory, which of the following decreases?
I. Birth rate (Fertility)
II. Death rate

Q51. The Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner
comes under which Union Ministry of India?

Q54. According to Census 2011, which of the following religious groups
in India is most concentrated in urban areas?
I. Jains II. Christians

Q58. Which of the following areas are densely populated in India?
I. Brahmaputra plains
II. Ganga plains

Q75. Which of the following factor affect the distribution of population?
I. Soil
II. Minerals

Q85. In the context of population change, if the birth rate is _ than death rate, the population will _.