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SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 13 September 2025 Shift 2 GK Questions – with answers & solutions

All 23 GK / GS questions asked in SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 on 13 September 2025 Shift 2, with correct answers and short solutions, subject-wise: Ancient History, Static GK, Economics, Geography, Current Affairs, Biology.

📚 23 questions🗓️ 13 September 2025⏰ Shift 2
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Subjects: Ancient History (1) · Static GK (6) · Economics (3) · Geography (3) · Current Affairs (3) · Biology (1) · Polity (5) · Physics (1)

Ancient History (1)

Ancient Art, Culture and Science · Stupas and chaityas

Q1. Arrange the following sites in chronological order based on the stylistic development of Buddhist sculpture:
a) Mathura b) Bharhut c) Sanchi Stupa-1

  1. (a) b-c-a
  2. (b) c-a-b
  3. (c) c-b-a
  4. (d) a-c-b
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) b-c-a

• Chronological order of Buddhist sculpture:
• Bharhut (b): 2nd century BCE — earliest, aniconic representation, no human form of Buddha
• Sanchi Stupa-1 (c): 1st century BCE to 1st century CE — transitional phase
• Mathura (a): 1st–3rd century CE — first anthropomorphic Buddha images in India
• Order: Bharhut → Sanchi → Mathura = b-c-a
• Answer: b-c-a

Static GK (6)

Festivals, Fairs, Paintings and Crafts · Festivals by state

Q2. Which of the following statements about the Chithirai Festival of Madurai is correct?

  1. (a) The Chithirai Festival is celebrated in the tamil month of Margazhi
  2. (b) Lord Kallazhagar arrives on a golden horse
  3. (c) The festival is held exclusively in December
  4. (d) The festival ends with a game of bullfight
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Lord Kallazhagar arrives on a golden horse

• Chithirai Festival of Madurai:
• It is celebrated in the Tamil month of Chithirai (April-May), NOT Margazhi — Option A is wrong.
• Lord Kallazhagar (Vishnu) arrives on a golden horse (Pon Kuthirai) to bless the divine wedding of Meenakshi and Sundareswarar — Option B is CORRECT ✓
• The festival is NOT held in December — Option C is wrong.
• The festival does not end with bullfight — Option D is wrong.
• Answer: Lord Kallazhagar arrives on a golden horse
Music and Musical Instruments · Hindustani music (ragas, gharanas)

Q3. What is the term for a structured musical composition in Hindustani classical music?

  1. (a) Kriti
  2. (b) Bandish
  3. (c) Gamaka
  4. (d) Rasa
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Bandish

• Hindustani Classical Music terminology:
• Bandish: A structured/composed piece in Hindustani classical music, set to a specific raga and tala ✓
• Kriti: A composition form used in Carnatic music (South Indian), not Hindustani
• Gamaka: Ornamental technique of sliding between notes
• Rasa: The emotional essence or aesthetic flavor
• Answer: Bandish
Sports · Sports schemes and campaigns (Khelo India, Fit India)

Q4. Fill in the blank:
The inaugural Khelo India Para Games took place in _____, showcasing seven sporting disciplines across three venues in New Delhi.

  1. (a) March 2024
  2. (b) January 2023
  3. (c) December 2023
  4. (d) March 2025
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) December 2023

• Current Affairs:
• The inaugural (first-ever) Khelo India Para Games was held in December 2023 in New Delhi.
• It featured 7 sporting disciplines across 3 venues in the capital.
• Answer: December 2023
Books and Authors · Modern Indian books and authors

Q5. Read the below statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark the correct options:
Assertion (A): Last Man in Tower explores the moral and ethical conflicts faced by residents during rapid urban development and real estate pressures in Mumbai.
Reason (R): The novel focuses on the historical evolution of Mumbai's architecture and its colonial past.

  1. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
  2. (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
  3. (c) A is true, but R is false.
  4. (d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) A is true, but R is false.

• About the novel 'Last Man in Tower' by Aravind Adiga:
• Assertion A: The novel does explore moral and ethical conflicts of residents facing real estate pressure in Mumbai — TRUE ✓
• Reason R: The novel does NOT focus on historical evolution of Mumbai's architecture or its colonial past. It is about modern-day real estate conflict — FALSE.
• A is true, R is false → Option C
• Answer: C
Awards and Honours · Other national awards

Q6. Read the below statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark the correct options: Assertion (A): Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar is a civilian science award. Reason (R): It is conferred by Ministry of Culture.

  1. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
  2. (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
  3. (c) A is true, but R is false
  4. (d) A is false, but R is true
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) A is true, but R is false

• Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar:
• Assertion A: Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar is indeed a civilian science award instituted by the Government of India — TRUE ✓
• Reason R: It is NOT conferred by Ministry of Culture. It is awarded by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) / Ministry of Science and Technology — FALSE.
• Answer: A is true, but R is false
Festivals, Fairs, Paintings and Crafts · Martial arts

Q7. Thang-Ta is a traditional martial dance associated with which northeastern state of India?

  1. (a) Assam
  2. (b) Nagaland
  3. (c) Manipur
  4. (d) Tripura
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Manipur

• Indian Folk/Martial Arts:
• Thang-Ta (also known as Huyen Langlon) is a traditional martial art form from Manipur.
• 'Thang' means sword and 'Ta' means spear in Meitei language.
• It is both a martial art and a ritual dance form of the Meitei people of Manipur.
• Answer: Manipur

Economics (3)

External Sector and International Economic Organisations · Economic groupings (BRICS, G20, ASEAN)

Q8. Consider the following statements regarding BRICS Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) cooperation:
1) It is based on mutual benefit and public-good-driven innovation.
2) It is governed only through annual Heads of State Summits.
Which of the statements is/are correct?

  1. (a) Only 1 is correct
  2. (b) Only 2 is correct
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2 are correct
  4. (d) Neither 1 nor 2 is correct
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Only 1 is correct

• BRICS STI Cooperation:
• Statement 1: BRICS STI is based on mutual benefit and public-good-driven innovation — CORRECT ✓
• Statement 2: BRICS STI is NOT governed ONLY through Heads of State Summits. It is managed through multiple ministerial meetings, working groups, and frameworks — INCORRECT.
• Answer: Only 1 is correct
Government Schemes and Economic Reports · Global indices - publishers and methodology

Q9. The Global Gender Gap Report primarily measures disparities between genders in which key areas?

  1. (a) Politics, Economy, Health, Education
  2. (b) Income, Wealth, Land, Technology
  3. (c) Crime, Law, Justice, Security
  4. (d) Environment, Climate, Water, Food
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Politics, Economy, Health, Education

• World Economic Forum - Global Gender Gap Report:
• The report measures gender-based disparities in four key areas:
• 1. Economic Participation and Opportunity
• 2. Educational Attainment
• 3. Health and Survival
• 4. Political Empowerment
• This aligns with: Politics, Economy, Health, Education ✓
• Answer: Politics, Economy, Health, Education
Industry and Infrastructure · Classification of industries (size, ownership, raw material)

Q10. Which of the following industry pairs is correctly grouped as heavy industries?

  1. (a) Sewing machines and Paint brushes
  2. (b) Shipbuilding and Automobile
  3. (c) Electric bulbs and Fuse wires
  4. (d) Watches and Paint brushes
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Shipbuilding and Automobile

• Classification of Industries:
• Heavy industries: Use large, heavy raw materials and produce heavy goods (e.g., iron and steel, shipbuilding, heavy machinery, automobiles).
• Light industries: Use lighter materials and produce consumer goods.
• Shipbuilding and Automobile are both heavy industries requiring large capital, heavy raw materials.
• Sewing machines, paint brushes, bulbs, fuse wires, watches = light industries.
• Answer: Shipbuilding and Automobile

Geography (3)

Lithosphere - Earth's Interior and Landforms · Aeolian and karst landforms

Q11. Choose the correctly matched cave feature and its formation:

  1. (a) Stalactite - Grows upward from cave floor
  2. (b) Stalagmite - Formed by dripping water from cave ceiling
  3. (c) Pillar - Hangs from the cave roof
  4. (d) Stalactite - Formed by upward mineral flow
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Stalagmite - Formed by dripping water from cave ceiling

• Cave formation (speleothem) facts:
• Stalactite: Hangs downward from cave ceiling (formed by mineral-rich water dripping down)
• Stalagmite: Grows UPWARD from cave floor (formed by mineral deposits from dripping water) ✓
• Pillar: Formed when stalactite and stalagmite meet — does NOT hang from roof
• Options A, C, D all have incorrect descriptions
• Answer: Stalagmite - Formed by dripping water from cave ceiling (deposits accumulate below the drip point)
India - Population and Census · Census 2011 - population and growth

Q12. Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are given below. Choose the correct option:
Assertion (A): Population growth can be measured in absolute numbers and percentage change per year.
Reason (R): Measuring growth only in absolute numbers provides detailed insights into population trends over time.

  1. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
  2. (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
  3. (c) A is true, but R is false
  4. (d) A is false, but R is true
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) A is true, but R is false

• Population Growth measurement:
• Assertion A: Population growth CAN be measured in absolute numbers (e.g., +10 million) AND as percentage change per year — TRUE ✓
• Reason R: Measuring ONLY in absolute numbers does NOT provide detailed insights into trends; percentage change is needed for meaningful comparison between countries/periods — FALSE.
• Reason R is incorrect because absolute numbers alone are insufficient for trend analysis.
• Answer: A is true, but R is false
Environment and Protected Areas · Biodiversity hotspots

Q13. The Western Ghats are a recognized biodiversity hotspot. Which of the following is currently considered the most significant threat to its endemic species, beyond general habitat loss?

  1. (a) Infrastructure development projects (e.g., roads, dams, mining).
  2. (b) Introduction of invasive alien species.
  3. (c) Forest fires due to climate change.
  4. (d) Human-wildlife conflict due to encroachment.
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Introduction of invasive alien species.

• Environmental Science - Western Ghats:
• The Western Ghats is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the world's eight biodiversity hotspots.
• Beyond general habitat loss, invasive alien species (IAS) are considered the most significant threat to endemic species.
• Invasive species outcompete native flora and fauna, disrupt ecosystems, and cause irreversible biodiversity loss.
• Answer: Introduction of invasive alien species

Current Affairs (3)

Science, Technology and Space - Current · Space missions - current

Q14. What is the primary function of the NVS-02 satellite launched aboard GSLV-F15?

  1. (a) It supports meteorological observations for cyclone prediction.
  2. (b) It enables satellite-based television broadcasting.
  3. (c) It boosts India's navigation system by offering precise position and timing data.
  4. (d) It conducts deep-space communication with planetary probes.
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) It boosts India's navigation system by offering precise position and timing data.

• NVS-02 Satellite (ISRO/Current Affairs):
• NVS-02 is part of India's Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) system.
• It was launched aboard GSLV-F15 to provide precise position and timing data.
• NavIC is India's regional navigation satellite system similar to GPS.
• Answer: It boosts India's navigation system by offering precise position and timing data.
Appointments and Resignations · National appointments

Q15. Read the following statements regarding K. Sanjay Murthy's recent appointment as Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India:
1. He took office as the CAG in November 2024 after the term of Girish Chandra Murmu.
2. The CAG is a constitutional office, which is appointed by the President under Article 148 of the Indian Constitution.
3. The CAG's term is only five years and cannot be repeated.
Which of the above is/are correct?

  1. (a) 1 and 2 only
  2. (b) 2 and 3 only
  3. (c) 1 and 3 only
  4. (d) 1, 2 and 3 all are correct
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only

• CAG of India facts:
• Statement 1: K. Sanjay Murthy took office as CAG in November 2024 after Girish Chandra Murmu — CORRECT ✓
• Statement 2: CAG is indeed a constitutional post appointed by the President under Article 148 — CORRECT ✓
• Statement 3: The CAG's term is 6 years OR until age 65 (whichever is earlier), not 5 years — INCORRECT
• Answer: 1 and 2 only
Science, Technology and Space - Current · Space missions - current

Q16. NISAR's orbit regime is?

  1. (a) GTO
  2. (b) GEO
  3. (c) Polar sun-sync
  4. (d) LEEO
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Polar sun-sync

• NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) mission:
• NISAR is a joint NASA-ISRO Earth observation satellite.
• It operates in a Polar Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO).
• SSO allows the satellite to observe the same area with the same lighting conditions at the same local time each day, ideal for Earth observation.
• GTO and GEO are for communication satellites; LEEO is not standard.
• Answer: Polar sun-sync

Biology (1)

Cell - Structure and Function · Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and vacuoles

Q17. What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

  1. (a) ATP production
  2. (b) Protein modification
  3. (c) Lipid synthesis
  4. (d) DNA replication
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Protein modification

• Cell Biology - Golgi apparatus:
• The Golgi apparatus (also called Golgi body or Golgi complex) is the cell's post office/packaging center.
• Primary function: Protein modification, sorting, and packaging — modifies proteins received from endoplasmic reticulum
• ATP production: done by mitochondria
• Lipid synthesis: primarily done by smooth ER
• DNA replication: occurs in the nucleus
• Answer: Protein modification

Polity (5)

Constitutional and Non-Constitutional Bodies · GST Council

Q18. As per Article 279A of the Indian Constitution, the GST Council's decisions require what kind of majority of the weighted votes of the members present and voting?

  1. (a) Simple majority
  2. (b) Three-fourths majority
  3. (c) Two-thirds majority
  4. (d) Half majority
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Three-fourths majority

• Indian Constitution - Article 279A (GST Council):
• Article 279A establishes the GST Council.
• Every decision of the GST Council shall be taken by a majority of not less than THREE-FOURTHS (3/4) of the weighted votes of the members present and voting.
• Weighting: Centre's vote = 1/3 of total; all States' votes combined = 2/3 of total.
• Answer: Three-fourths majority
Emergency and Centre-State Relations · Legislative relations and Seventh Schedule lists

Q19. Which of the following correctly reflects the legal implication of Article 255 regarding presidential or governor's assent to bills?

  1. (a) State law is void without written Governor assent.
  2. (b) Mention of assent is mandatory for validity.
  3. (c) Omission of prior recommendation doesn't invalidate law if assent is given.
  4. (d) President's assent must precede legislative passage to be valid.
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Omission of prior recommendation doesn't invalidate law if assent is given.

• Article 255 of Indian Constitution:
• Article 255 states that any act of Parliament or State Legislature shall not be invalid merely because of non-compliance with requirements regarding prior recommendation/sanction IF the required assent is given.
• Key principle: Omission of prior recommendation does NOT invalidate a law if the required assent (President's or Governor's) has been given.
• Answer: Omission of prior recommendation doesn't invalidate law if assent is given.
Polity Miscellaneous · New criminal laws (BNS, BNSS, BSA)

Q20. The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) aims to align Indian evidence law with advancements in:

  1. (a) Forensic science and digital technology
  2. (b) Traditional agricultural practices
  3. (c) Ancient philosophical texts
  4. (d) Oral storytelling traditions
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Forensic science and digital technology

• Legal/Polity - New Criminal Laws (2023):
• The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) replaced the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
• BSA specifically aims to align India's evidence law with modern advancements in forensic science and digital technology.
• It recognizes electronic records, digital evidence, and forensic evidence more comprehensively.
• Answer: Forensic science and digital technology
State Government · Governor - appointment and powers

Q21. The President is elected by an electoral college, while the Governor is _______.

  1. (a) Directly elected
  2. (b) Appointed by the President
  3. (c) Nominated by Supreme Court
  4. (d) Chosen by State Assembly
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Appointed by the President

• Indian Polity - Constitutional provisions:
• President: Elected by an Electoral College (Article 54) comprising elected members of both Houses of Parliament and elected members of State Legislative Assemblies.
• Governor: Appointed by the President of India under Article 155 of the Constitution.
• Governor serves at the pleasure of the President (Article 156).
• Answer: Appointed by the President
State Government · Governor - appointment and powers

Q22. Consider the following statements: 1. The Governor can dissolve the State Legislative Assembly. 2. The President has no such power regarding the Lok Sabha. Which of the above is/are correct?

  1. (a) Only 1
  2. (b) Only 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Only 1

• Indian Polity - Constitutional powers:
• Statement 1: The Governor CAN dissolve the State Legislative Assembly on the advice of the Chief Minister OR under Article 356 (President's Rule) — CORRECT ✓
• Statement 2: The President CAN dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime Minister (Article 85). So the statement that 'President has no such power' is INCORRECT — FALSE.
• Answer: Only 1 is correct

Physics (1)

Light - Refraction and Lenses · Refractive index and optical density

Q23. When light enters from air into a medium, its speed changes. Which of the following properties of light remains constant during this transition?

  1. (a) Wavelength
  2. (b) Frequency
  3. (c) Speed
  4. (d) Amplitude
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Frequency

• Physics - Light refraction:
• When light travels from one medium to another, speed changes (that is what causes refraction).
• Wavelength also changes when light enters a new medium.
• Speed changes (not constant).
• Amplitude changes (intensity may vary).
• FREQUENCY remains constant — it is determined by the source of light, not the medium.
• Relationship: v = fλ; when v changes and f stays same, λ must change.
• Answer: Frequency
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