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Delhi Police Constable 2025-26 3 January 2026 Shift 2 GK Questions – with answers & solutions

All 50 GK / GS questions asked in Delhi Police Constable 2025-26 on 3 January 2026 Shift 2, with correct answers and short solutions, subject-wise: Static GK, Chemistry, Economics, Modern History, Geography, Polity.

📚 50 questions🗓️ 3 January 2026⏰ Shift 2
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Subjects: Static GK (15) · Chemistry (1) · Economics (9) · Modern History (2) · Geography (7) · Polity (7) · Current Affairs (5) · Medieval History (2) · Biology (2)

Static GK (15)

Dances · Classical dances and their states

Q1. Sattriya dance was recognized as a classical dance form by Sangeet Natak Akademi in:

  1. (a) 1947
  2. (b) 1955
  3. (c) 2000
  4. (d) 2011
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 2000

Sattriya , a classical dance form originating from Assam's Vaishnavite monasteries ( Satras ), was recognized as India's eighth classical dance by the Sangeet Natak Akademi in the year 2000. It was founded by the saint-scholar Srimanta Sankardeva in the 15th century.
(a) Incorrect: 1947 is the year of India's independence; Sattriya was not recognized as a classical dance then.
(b) Incorrect: 1955 is not the year of Sattriya's recognition by the Sangeet Natak Akademi .
(c) Incorrect: 2011 is not the year of recognition; Sattriya was already recognized in 2000.
Festivals, Fairs, Paintings and Crafts · Festivals by state

Q2. Which festival in Gujarat marks the victory of good over evil and involves nine nights of dance, music, and fasting?

  1. (a) Diwali
  2. (b) Navratri
  3. (c) Makar Sankranti
  4. (d) Holi
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Navratri

Navratri (meaning 'nine nights') is celebrated across India, especially in Gujarat, marking the victory of good over evil. It involves nine nights of Garba and Dandiya Raas dances, music, fasting, and worship of the nine forms of Goddess Durga.
(a) Incorrect: Diwali is the Festival of Lights, celebrating Lord Rama's return to Ayodhya; it does not involve nine nights of dance.
(b) Incorrect: Makar Sankranti is a harvest festival marking the sun's transit into Capricorn; it does not involve nine nights of dance.
(c) Incorrect: Holi is the Festival of Colors celebrated at the end of winter; it is a single-day festival, not nine nights of dance.
Festivals, Fairs, Paintings and Crafts · Festivals by state

Q3. Which festival in Himachal Pradesh's Lahaul- Spiti region marks the Tibetan New Year with mask dances and ritual ceremonies?

  1. (a) Losar
  2. (b) Minjar
  3. (c) Kullu Dussehra
  4. (d) Halda
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Losar

Losar is the Tibetan New Year festival celebrated in Lahaul- Spiti (and other Himalayan Buddhist regions) with traditional mask dances (Cham), ritual ceremonies, prayers, family gatherings, and preparation of special foods. It typically falls in February/March per the Tibetan lunar calendar.
(a) Incorrect: Minjar is a harvest festival celebrated in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh; it does not involve Tibetan New Year traditions.
(b) Incorrect: Kullu Dussehra is a major week-long festival celebrated in Kullu valley during October; it is not associated with the Tibetan New Year.
(c) Incorrect: Halda is a festival of Lahaul- Spiti but is not the Tibetan New Year festival associated with mask dances.
Awards and Honours · Nobel Prize and international awards

Q4. Who won the 201 2 Nobel Prize in Literature, known for novels blending myth, politics, and magical realism?

  1. (a) Tomas Transtromer
  2. (b) Mo Yan
  3. (c) Alice Munro
  4. (d) Herta Muller
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Mo Yan

The 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Chinese authorMo Yan. The Swedish Academy cited him for his masterful use of "hallucinatory realism," a style deeply tied to magical realism, which merges folk tales, history, and contemporary society.
His acclaimed novels—such asRed Sorghum,The Republic of Wine, andFrog—frequently blend myth and folklore with critical political and social commentary on 20th-century China .
Monuments and Heritage · Monuments - builders and locations

Q5. The 'Alai Darwaza ', a grand gateway at the Qutb complex, was built by which Sultan?

  1. (a) Iltutmish
  2. (b) Balban
  3. (c) Alauddin Khalji
  4. (d) Firoz Shah Tughlaq
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Alauddin Khalji

Alai Darwaza was built by Alauddin Khalji in 1311 CE as the southern gateway to the Quwwat -ul-Islam Mosque at the Qutb complex in Delhi. It is a masterpiece of early Indo-Islamic architecture, noted for its red sandstone, marble inlay, and inscriptions in Arabic.
(a) Incorrect: Iltutmish extended the Quwwat -ul-Islam Mosque and built the Qutb Minar's upper storeys , but the Alai Darwaza was built by Alauddin Khalji.
(b) Incorrect: Balban was a Delhi Sultanate ruler known for strengthening the sultanate, but he did not build the Alai Darwaza .
(c) Incorrect: Firoz Shah Tughlaq repaired many monuments including the Qutb Minar, but the Alai Darwaza was built by Alauddin Khalji.
Monuments and Heritage · Temples and religious places

Q6. Which Mughal emperor commissioned the Jama Masjid in Delhi, constructed with red sandstone and marble, featuring domes and minarets?

  1. (a) Akbar
  2. (b) Shah Jahan
  3. (c) Humayun
  4. (d) Jahangir
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Shah Jahan

Jama Masjid (Masjid- i -Jahan-Numa) in Delhi was commissioned by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and completed in 1656 CE. It is one of India's largest mosques, built with red sandstone and marble, with three grand domes and two 40-metre tall minarets. Construction began in 1644.
(a) Incorrect: Akbar built the Buland Darwaza and Fatehpur Sikri mosque; the Jama Masjid in Delhi was built by Shah Jahan.
(b) Incorrect: Humayun is associated with Humayun's Tomb in Delhi, not the Jama Masjid.
(c) Incorrect: Jahangir was not known for commissioning major mosques in Delhi; the Jama Masjid was built by his son Shah Jahan.
National Symbols, Firsts and Superlatives · First in India - events and things

Q7. India's first-ever 'Green Hydrogen' powered bus was launched in which city in 2023?

  1. (a) Bengaluru
  2. (b) Mumbai
  3. (c) New Delhi
  4. (d) Pune
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) New Delhi

India's first Green Hydrogen-powered fuel cell bus was launched in New Delhi in 2023 by Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL) in partnership with Tata Motors. The bus uses hydrogen as fuel, emitting only water vapour , making it a zero-emission vehicle.
(a) Incorrect: Bengaluru is a major tech hub but was not the city where India's first Green Hydrogen bus was launched.
(b) Incorrect: Mumbai is India's financial capital but was not the launch city for India's first Green Hydrogen-powered bus.
(c) Incorrect: Pune is known for automobile manufacturing but was not where India's first Green Hydrogen bus was launched.
Monuments and Heritage · Monuments - builders and locations

Q8. Which Mughal emperor commissioned the Taj Mahal, the iconic mausoleum built for Mumtaz Mahal, reflecting the pinnacle of Mughal architecture?

  1. (a) Akbar
  2. (b) Jahangir
  3. (c) Shah Jahan
  4. (d) Aurangzeb
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Shah Jahan

Shah Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal in Agra in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died in 1631 CE. Construction was completed around 1648–1653 CE. It is considered the finest example of Mughal architecture and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.
(a) Incorrect: Akbar built notable monuments including Fatehpur Sikri and Agra Fort, but the Taj Mahal was commissioned by his grandson Shah Jahan.
(b) Incorrect: Jahangir was Shah Jahan's father; he built the Shalimar Bagh and Itmad- ud -Daulah's tomb, not the Taj Mahal.
(c) Incorrect: Aurangzeb was Shah Jahan's son who later imprisoned his father; he did not commission the Taj Mahal.
Books and Authors · International books and authors

Q9. Shuggie Bain, portraying poverty and addiction in Scotland, won the Booker Prize. Who is the author?

  1. (a) Douglas Stuart
  2. (b) Ian McEwan
  3. (c) Salman Rushdie
  4. (d) Kazuo Ishiguro
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Douglas Stuart

Douglas Stuart, a Scottish-American author, won the Booker Prize 2020 for his debut novel 'Shuggie Bain'. The novel depicts the struggles of a young boy growing up in 1980s Glasgow with a mother battling alcoholism, set against the backdrop of deindustrialisation and poverty in Scotland.
(a) Incorrect: Ian McEwan is a celebrated British author known for 'Atonement' and 'Saturday'; he has been shortlisted for the Booker Prize but did not write Shuggie Bain.
(b) Incorrect: Salman Rushdie won the Booker Prize for 'Midnight's Children' (1981) and is known for 'The Satanic Verses'; he did not write Shuggie Bain.
(c) Incorrect: Kazuo Ishiguro won the Nobel Prize in Literature (2017) and Booker Prize for 'The Remains of the Day'; he did not write Shuggie Bain.
Books and Authors · International books and authors

Q10. Who wrote Home Fire, a modern retelling of the Antigone myth, addressing family, identity, and political extremism?

  1. (a) Kamila Shamsie
  2. (b) Arundhati Roy
  3. (c) Kiran Desai
  4. (d) Jhumpa Lahiri
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Kamila Shamsie

Kamila Shamsie, a British-Pakistani author, wrote 'Home Fire' (2017), a modern retelling of Sophocles' Antigone set in London and Syria, exploring themes of family, British Muslim identity, and ISIS-related political extremism. It won the Women's Prize for Fiction 2018.
(a) Incorrect: Arundhati Roy is the Indian author of 'The God of Small Things' (Booker Prize 1997) and 'The Ministry of Utmost Happiness'; she did not write Home Fire.
(b) Incorrect: Kiran Desai won the Booker Prize for 'The Inheritance of Loss' (2006) and is the daughter of Anita Desai; she did not write Home Fire.
(c) Incorrect: Jhumpa Lahiri is a Pulitzer Prize-winning author known for 'Interpreter of Maladies' and 'The Namesake'; she did not write Home Fire.
Dances · Folk dances by state

Q11. Which folk music style is associated with Punjab, known for energetic dance, high tempo rhythms, and performance during harvest or festive occasions?

  1. (a) Bihu
  2. (b) Lavani
  3. (c) Bhangra
  4. (d) Baul
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Bhangra

Bhangra is the vibrant folk music and dance tradition of Punjab, performed traditionally during the Baisakhi (harvest) festival and other festive occasions. It is characterised by energetic moves, high tempo dhol beats, colourful costumes, and joyful group performances.
(a) Incorrect: Bihu is the folk music and dance tradition of Assam, associated with the Bihu festival (Assamese New Year in April), not Punjab.
(b) Incorrect: Lavani is a powerful folk music and dance tradition from Maharashtra, associated with its energetic and expressive performances, not Punjab.
(c) Incorrect: Baul is a folk music tradition from Bengal and Bangladesh, associated with mystic minstrels ( Bauls ), not Punjab.
Organisations and Headquarters · India's foreign relations and connectivity projects

Q12. India's 'SAGAR' doctrine primarily focuses on which area of cooperation, security, and economic engagement in the Indo-Pacific region?

  1. (a) Cyber security
  2. (b) Maritime cooperation in the Indian Ocean
  3. (c) Defence manufacturing
  4. (d) Cultural diplomacy
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Maritime cooperation in the Indian Ocean

SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) is India's vision for maritime cooperation in the Indian Ocean, articulated by PM Narendra Modi in March 2015 in Mauritius. It focuses on maritime security, sustainable development of ocean resources, and cooperation among Indian Ocean littoral states.
(a) Incorrect: Cyber security is addressed by India's National Cyber Security Policy and CERT-In; it is not the primary focus of the SAGAR doctrine.
(b) Incorrect: Defence manufacturing is promoted through 'Make in India' in Defence and the Defence Acquisition Procedure; it is not the primary focus of the SAGAR doctrine.
(c) Incorrect: Cultural diplomacy is handled through ICCR (Indian Council for Cultural Relations); the SAGAR doctrine focuses specifically on maritime cooperation.
Sports · National championships - venues and winners

Q13. The first modern National Games in India, introducing Olympic-style multi-sport competition, were organized in which location in 1985?

  1. (a) New Delhi
  2. (b) Thiruvananthapuram
  3. (c) Pune
  4. (d) Kolkata
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) New Delhi

The first edition of the modern National Games of India (revived format modelled on the Olympics) was held in New Delhi in 1985. The National Games serve as India's premier multi-sport national event, bringing together athletes from all states and union territories.
(a) Incorrect: Thiruvananthapuram hosted later editions of the National Games; it was not the venue for the first 1985 edition.
(b) Incorrect: Pune has hosted National Games in later years; it was not where the first modern National Games were held.
(c) Incorrect: Kolkata hosted the National Games earlier (in the pre-modern format); the revived modern format National Games began in New Delhi in 1985.
Sports · National championships - venues and winners

Q14. The opening ceremony of the 2011 edition of the National Games marked the start of the event across multiple sports disciplines. Which venue hosted this opening ceremony?

  1. (a) Kalinga Stadium
  2. (b) Birsa Munda Stadium
  3. (c) Salt Lake Stadium
  4. (d) JLN Stadium
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Birsa Munda Stadium

The 34th National Games (2011) were held in Jharkhand, and the opening ceremony took place at Birsa Munda Stadium (now known as Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium) in Ranchi, the state capital. It was the first time Jharkhand hosted the National Games after becoming a separate state in 2000.
(a) Incorrect: Kalinga Stadium is located in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, not Jharkhand; it was not the venue for the 2011 National Games opening.
(b) Incorrect: Salt Lake Stadium (Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan) is in Kolkata, West Bengal; it was not the 2011 National Games opening venue.
(c) Incorrect: JLN Stadium (Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium) is in New Delhi; it hosted the 2010 Commonwealth Games, not the 2011 National Games opening.
Festivals, Fairs, Paintings and Crafts · Martial arts

Q15. Which martial art uses a bamboo sword called a 'shinai' for practice, focusing on strikes, thrusts, and controlled combat techniques in competitions and training?

  1. (a) Kung Fu
  2. (b) Kendo
  3. (c) Aikido
  4. (d) Judo
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Kendo

Kendo is the Japanese martial art of swordsmanship that uses a bamboo practice sword called a shinai (and wooden bokken for kata practice). Practitioners ( kendoka ) wear protective armour ( bogu ) and practice strikes, thrusts, and controlled combat techniques based on traditional samurai sword fighting.
(a) Incorrect: Kung Fu is a broad category of Chinese martial arts that uses various weapons and techniques; the shinai bamboo sword is not a Kung Fu implement.
(b) Incorrect: Aikido is a Japanese martial art focusing on defensive techniques, joint locks, and throws; it does not use the shinai bamboo sword as a primary training tool.
(c) Incorrect: Judo is a Japanese martial art focusing on throwing, grappling, and submission techniques on a mat; it does not use the shinai bamboo sword.

Chemistry (1)

Metals and Non-metals · Occurrence of metals - ores and minerals

Q16. Bauxite is the primary ore used to produce which metal?

  1. (a) Iron
  2. (b) Copper
  3. (c) Aluminium
  4. (d) Zinc
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Aluminium

Bauxite is the primary ore from which aluminium is extracted. Through the Bayer process, aluminium oxide (alumina) is first obtained from bauxite, and then aluminium metal is produced via electrolysis (Hall- Heroult process). India has large bauxite deposits in Odisha, Jharkhand, and Gujarat.
(a) Incorrect: Iron is extracted from iron ore (hematite, magnetite), not bauxite.
(b) Incorrect: Copper is extracted from copper ores like chalcopyrite (copper pyrite), not bauxite.
(c) Incorrect: Zinc is extracted from zinc ores like sphalerite (zinc sulphide ), not bauxite.

Economics (9)

Money and Banking · Commercial banks and bank nationalisation

Q17. The 'Lead Bank Scheme', introduced in 1969 by the RBI, assigned what responsibility to banks?

  1. (a) To lead protests
  2. (b) To act as the main bank for a specific district
  3. (c) To lend only to large industries
  4. (d) To print currency
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) To act as the main bank for a specific district

The Lead Bank Scheme (1969), introduced by the RBI on the recommendation of the Gadgil Study Group, designated a specific bank as the 'lead bank' for each district. The lead bank coordinates the development of banking and credit facilities and acts as the main bank for that district's economic development.
(a) Incorrect: 'To lead protests' has no connection to banking; it is not a financial term or banking function.
(b) Incorrect: 'To lend only to large industries' contradicts the purpose of the Lead Bank Scheme, which focuses on rural and priority sector credit.
(c) Incorrect: Printing currency is the exclusive function of the Reserve Bank of India (and government mints), not commercial banks.
Government Schemes and Economic Reports · Global indices - publishers and methodology

Q18. Which of the following factors is not counted among the World Happiness Report key determinants, which evaluate life satisfaction using economic, social, health, and governance-based variables?

  1. (a) GDP per capita
  2. (b) Social support
  3. (c) Perceived corruption
  4. (d) Air Quality Index (AQI)
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Air Quality Index (AQI)

The World Happiness Report evaluates life satisfaction using six key determinants: (1) GDP per capita, (2) Social support, (3) Healthy life expectancy, (4) Freedom to make life choices, (5) Generosity, and (6) Perceptions of corruption. Air Quality Index (AQI) is NOT one of the six key determinants.
(a) Incorrect: GDP per capita IS one of the six key determinants used in the World Happiness Report.
(b) Incorrect: Social support IS one of the six key determinants in the World Happiness Report.
(c) Incorrect: Perceived corruption (perceptions of corruption) IS one of the six key determinants — it measures trust in government and institutions.
Agriculture and Food Security · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q19. The 'PM-PRANAM' scheme, approved in 2023, is related to promoting what?

  1. (a) Clean energy
  2. (b) Alternative fertilizers and reducing chemical fertilizer use
  3. (c) Organic farming
  4. (d) Water conservation
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Alternative fertilizers and reducing chemical fertilizer use

PM-PRANAM (Prime Minister's Programme for Restoration, Awareness, Nourishment and Amelioration of Mother Earth), approved in 2023, aims to promote alternative fertilizers (organic, nano, bio-fertilizers) and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers, thereby reducing the government's fertilizer subsidy burden and protecting soil health.
(a) Incorrect: Clean energy promotion falls under different schemes like PM KUSUM; PM-PRANAM is specifically about fertilizer use reduction.
(b) Incorrect: Organic farming per se is a broader concept; PM-PRANAM focuses specifically on promoting alternative fertilizers to reduce chemical fertilizer use.
(c) Incorrect: Water conservation is addressed by schemes like Jal Jeevan Mission and Atal Bhujal Yojana; PM-PRANAM is about fertilizer management.
Money and Banking · RBI - history and functions

Q20. Which institution functions as the central bank of India?

  1. (a) State Bank of India (SBI)
  2. (b) Ministry of Finance
  3. (c) Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
  4. (d) NITI Aayog
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), established on April 1, 1935 under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, functions as India's central bank. It manages monetary policy, regulates banks, issues currency, manages foreign exchange, and acts as the banker to the government.
(a) Incorrect: State Bank of India (SBI) is a public sector commercial bank (though the largest), not the central bank.
(b) Incorrect: The Ministry of Finance handles fiscal policy and government finances; it is not the central bank.
(c) Incorrect: NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) is a policy think tank, not the central bank.
Agriculture and Food Security · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q21. The 'White Revolution' in India is linked to the increased production of which commodity?

  1. (a) Cotton production
  2. (b) Milk and dairy production
  3. (c) Water conservation
  4. (d) Peace
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Milk and dairy production

The White Revolution (Operation Flood), launched in 1970 under Dr. Verghese Kurien through NDDB (National Dairy Development Board), transformed India into the world's largest milk producer. It established the cooperative dairy model and the Amul brand as cornerstones of India's dairy industry.
(a) Incorrect: Cotton production is not associated with the White Revolution; increased cotton production relates to the agricultural/textile sector reforms.
(b) Incorrect: Water conservation is the focus of programmes like Atal Bhujal Yojana and Jal Shakti Abhiyan, not the White Revolution.
(c) Incorrect: 'Peace' has no connection to the White Revolution; the term refers specifically to the milk and dairy revolution in India.
Poverty, Unemployment and Human Development · Inequality measures (Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve)

Q22. What economic indicator does the 'Gini Coefficient' primarily measure?

  1. (a) Inflation
  2. (b) Economic growth (GDP)
  3. (c) Income Inequality
  4. (d) Unemployment rate
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Income Inequality

The Gini Coefficient (or Gini Index) is a statistical measure that quantifies income inequality within a nation. A value of 0 represents perfect equality (everyone has equal income) and 1 represents maximum inequality (one person has all the income). It is named after Italian statistician Corrado Gini.
(a) Incorrect: Inflation (rising price levels) is measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or Wholesale Price Index (WPI), not the Gini Coefficient.
(b) Incorrect: Economic growth (GDP) is measured by Gross Domestic Product growth rate, not the Gini Coefficient.
(c) Incorrect: Unemployment rate is measured by labour surveys and unemployment statistics, not the Gini Coefficient.
Agriculture and Food Security · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q23. Who is popularly known as the 'Father of the White Revolution' in India?

  1. (a) M.S. Swaminathan
  2. (b) Verghese Kurien
  3. (c) Sam Pitroda
  4. (d) JRD Tata
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Verghese Kurien

Dr. Verghese Kurien is popularly known as the 'Father of the White Revolution' (or 'Milkman of India'). He founded the Amul cooperative dairy movement, transformed India into the world's largest milk producer through Operation Flood (1970), and built the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).
(a) Incorrect: M.S. Swaminathan is known as the 'Father of Green Revolution' in India (for his work on high-yield wheat varieties), not the White Revolution.
(b) Incorrect: Sam Pitroda is known as the 'Father of India's Telecom Revolution' for modernising India's telecommunications infrastructure in the 1980s.
(c) Incorrect: JRD Tata was a pioneering industrialist who founded Air India; he is not associated with the White Revolution.
Agriculture and Food Security · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q24. The 'White Revolution' in India is most closely associated with which dairy cooperative or brand?

  1. (a) Tata
  2. (b) Reliance
  3. (c) Amul
  4. (d) Parle
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Amul

Amul (Anand Milk Union Limited), managed by the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF), is most closely associated with India's White Revolution. Founded in 1946 by Tribhuvandas Patel under Dr. Verghese Kurien's guidance, Amul became the symbol and engine of India's dairy cooperative movement.
(a) Incorrect: Tata is a major conglomerate operating in steel, automobiles, IT, etc.; it is not associated with India's White Revolution or dairy cooperatives.
(b) Incorrect: Reliance is a major conglomerate in energy, telecom, and retail; it is not associated with the White Revolution or dairy cooperatives.
(c) Incorrect: Parle is known for biscuits and confectionery (Parle-G); it is not a dairy cooperative and is not associated with India's White Revolution.
Government Schemes and Economic Reports · Education and research schemes

Q25. Which policy aims to restructure India's school education system into a '5+3+3+4' format?

  1. (a) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
  2. (b) Right to Education Act 2009
  3. (c) National Education Policy 2020
  4. (d) Mid-Day Meal Scheme
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) National Education Policy 2020

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 introduced the 5+3+3+4 curricular structure: Foundational Stage (5 years: pre-school + grades 1-2), Preparatory Stage (3 years: grades 3-5), Middle Stage (3 years: grades 6-8), and Secondary Stage (4 years: grades 9-12). It replaced the old 10+2 structure.
(a) Incorrect: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2001) focused on universalizing elementary education; it did not restructure the school system into 5+3+3+4.
(b) Incorrect: Right to Education Act 2009 mandated free and compulsory education for children 6-14 years; it did not introduce the 5+3+3+4 format.
(c) Incorrect: Mid-Day Meal Scheme provides nutrition to school children; it is a food programme , not an education restructuring policy.

Modern History (2)

Personalities, Newspapers, Books and Slogans · Firsts and lasts of the modern period

Q26. Who among the following was the first Indian to join the ICS (Indian Civil Service)?

  1. (a) Satyendranath Tagore
  2. (b) Subramania Iyer
  3. (c) Surendranath Banerjee
  4. (d) Romesh Chandra Dutt
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Satyendranath Tagore

Satyendranath Tagore (elder brother of Rabindranath Tagore) became the first Indian to join the Indian Civil Service (ICS) in 1864, passing the examination in London and serving in the Bombay Presidency. His achievement inspired many subsequent Indians to attempt the ICS.
(a) Incorrect: Subramania Iyer was a judge and co-founder of The Hindu newspaper; he was not the first Indian ICS officer.
(b) Incorrect: Surendranath Banerjee attempted the ICS examination and was later dismissed; he became a prominent nationalist leader but was not the first to join the ICS.
(c) Incorrect: Romesh Chandra Dutt joined the ICS in 1871, after Satyendranath Tagore.
Post-Independence India · Wars and treaties (1947 onwards)

Q27. Which prime minister of India introduced the Panchsheel Agreement with China in 1954?

  1. (a) Lal Bahadur Shastri
  2. (b) Morarji Desai
  3. (c) Jawaharlal Nehru
  4. (d) Indira Gandhi
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Jawaharlal Nehru

Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru signed the Panchsheel Agreement (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) with China on April 29, 1954. The agreement was formally titled the 'Agreement between the Republic of India and the People's Republic of China on Trade and Intercourse between Tibet Region of China and India'.
(a) Incorrect: Lal Bahadur Shastri was PM from 1964–1966; the Panchsheel Agreement was signed in 1954 under Nehru.
(b) Incorrect: Morarji Desai was PM from 1977–1979; he was not in office when the Panchsheel Agreement was signed.
(c) Incorrect: Indira Gandhi became PM in 1966; the Panchsheel Agreement was signed in 1954 by Jawaharlal Nehru.

Geography (7)

Hydrosphere - Oceans and Water · Ocean resources and maritime zones

Q28. India's first 'Deep Ocean Mission' has strategic relevance mainly for which of the following?

  1. (a) Arctic fisheries
  2. (b) Polymetallic nodules near the Central Indian Ocean Basin
  3. (c) Adriatic Sea minerals
  4. (d) Malacca Strait connectivity
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Polymetallic nodules near the Central Indian Ocean Basin

India's Deep Ocean Mission (approved in 2021) has primary strategic relevance for exploring and mining polymetallic nodules from the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB). These nodules contain manganese, nickel, copper, and cobalt. India has been allocated an Exclusive Economic Zone of 75,000 sq km in CIOB by the International Seabed Authority.
(a) Incorrect: Arctic fisheries fall outside India's Deep Ocean Mission scope; the mission focuses on the Indian Ocean.
(b) Incorrect: Adriatic Sea is located between Italy and the Balkans — far from India's ocean jurisdiction and the mission's scope.
(c) Incorrect: Malacca Strait connectivity is a strategic maritime trade concern, not related to deep ocean mineral exploration.
Atmosphere and Climate · Cyclones (tropical and temperate)

Q29. Cyclone ' Biparjoy ', which formed in the Arabian Sea, made landfall primarily in which Indian state?

  1. (a) Kerala
  2. (b) Maharashtra
  3. (c) Gujarat
  4. (d) Karnataka
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Gujarat

Cyclone Biparjoy (meaning 'disaster' in Bengali) formed in the Arabian Sea in June 2023 and made landfall near Jakhau Port in Kutch district, Gujarat, on June 15, 2023. It was one of the longest-lasting cyclones in the Arabian Sea on record.
(a) Incorrect: Kerala faces the Arabian Sea but Biparjoy made landfall in Gujarat's Kutch region, not Kerala.
(b) Incorrect: Maharashtra's coastline is in the Arabian Sea, but Cyclone Biparjoy's landfall was in Gujarat, not Maharashtra.
(c) Incorrect: Karnataka faces the Arabian Sea on its western coast, but Biparjoy did not make landfall in Karnataka.
India - Drainage System · Cities on river banks

Q30. The city of Ahmedabad is situated on the banks of which river?

  1. (a) Narmada
  2. (b) Tapi
  3. (c) Mahi
  4. (d) Sabarmati
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Sabarmati

Ahmedabad, the largest city of Gujarat and a UNESCO World Heritage City, is situated on the banks of the Sabarmati River. The Sabarmati Ashram (Mahatma Gandhi's residence) is also located here on the banks of the Sabarmati.
(a) Incorrect: Narmada flows further south in Gujarat; Ahmedabad is not on the Narmada. Vadodara (Baroda) is near the Vishwamitri River.
(b) Incorrect: Tapi River flows through Surat; Ahmedabad is on the Sabarmati, not the Tapi.
(c) Incorrect: Mahi River flows through central Gujarat; Ahmedabad is not situated on the Mahi.
India - Drainage System · Cities on river banks

Q31. The city of Guwahati is situated on the banks of which river?

  1. (a) Teesta
  2. (b) Ganga
  3. (c) Brahmaputra
  4. (d) Manas
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Brahmaputra

Guwahati, the largest city of Assam and a major urban centre of Northeast India, is situated on the southern bank of the Brahmaputra River. The Kamakhya Temple, one of the most important Shakti shrines in India, overlooks the Brahmaputra from the Nilachal Hill.
(a) Incorrect: Teesta River flows through Sikkim and West Bengal; Guwahati is on the Brahmaputra.
(b) Incorrect: Ganga does not flow through Assam; Guwahati is situated on the Brahmaputra.
(c) Incorrect: Manas River is a tributary of the Brahmaputra flowing through Assam and Bhutan; Guwahati itself sits on the Brahmaputra.
India - Drainage System · Dams and river valley projects

Q32. The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Scheme (KLIS), the world's largest multi-stage lift irrigation project, is located in which state?

  1. (a) Karnataka
  2. (b) Telangana
  3. (c) Andhra Pradesh
  4. (d) Maharashtra
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Telangana

The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Scheme (KLIS) in Telangana is the world's largest multi-stage lift irrigation project. It pumps water from the Godavari River at Medigadda barrage and lifts it through multiple stages to irrigate 18.25 lakh acres of agricultural land across 13 districts of Telangana.
(a) Incorrect: Karnataka has its own major irrigation projects like Krishna-Bhagya Jala Nigam schemes; KLIS is in Telangana.
(b) Incorrect: Andhra Pradesh's major irrigation projects include the Polavaram project on the Godavari; KLIS is specifically in Telangana.
(c) Incorrect: Maharashtra has major irrigation projects like Gosikhurd and Ujjani Dam; KLIS is in Telangana, not Maharashtra.
Universe and Solar System · Asteroids, comets and meteors

Q33. The Hale-Bopp comet, visible to the naked eye in 1997, was first discovered in which year by independent astronomers?

  1. (a) 1995
  2. (b) 1986
  3. (c) 2001
  4. (d) 1990
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 1995

The Hale-Bopp comet was simultaneously and independently discovered on July 23, 1995, by two American astronomers: Alan Hale (in New Mexico) and Thomas Bopp (in Arizona). It became known as Comet Hale-Bopp and was visible to the naked eye from 1996 to 1997, setting a record for visibility duration.
(a) Incorrect: 1986 is the year Halley's Comet last passed near Earth; Hale-Bopp was discovered in 1995.
(b) Incorrect: 2001 is after Hale-Bopp's period of visibility (1996-1997); the comet was discovered in 1995.
(c) Incorrect: 1990 is not the year of discovery; Hale-Bopp was discovered in 1995 and became widely visible in 1997.
Hydrosphere - Oceans and Water · Ocean floor relief

Q34. Which trench represents the deepest part of the Indian Ocean, located south of Sumatra and reaching depths of over 7,000 meters?

  1. (a) Java Trench
  2. (b) Mariana Trench
  3. (c) Puerto Rico Trench
  4. (d) Tonga Trench
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Java Trench

The Java Trench (also called the Sunda Trench) is the deepest part of the Indian Ocean, located south of the islands of Java and Sumatra. It reaches a maximum depth of approximately 7,258 metres (23,812 feet) and is the site of significant tectonic activity including the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.
(a) Incorrect: Mariana Trench is the deepest trench in the Pacific Ocean (and the world), reaching ~11,034 metres ; it is not in the Indian Ocean.
(b) Incorrect: Puerto Rico Trench is the deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean; it is not in the Indian Ocean.
(c) Incorrect: Tonga Trench is in the South Pacific Ocean; it is the second deepest trench in the world but is not in the Indian Ocean.

Polity (7)

Constitutional Development and Making · Borrowed features - sources of the Constitution

Q35. Fundamental duties took its origin from the constitution of which of the following countries?

  1. (a) Germany
  2. (b) USSR
  3. (c) Canada
  4. (d) Other
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) USSR

The concept of Fundamental Duties (Part IV-A, Article 51A), added to the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Amendment (1976) based on the Swaran Singh Committee recommendations, was borrowed from the Constitution of the USSR (Soviet Union). The Soviet Constitution listed duties of citizens alongside their rights.
(a) Incorrect: Germany is the source of Fundamental Rights provisions in some aspects; Fundamental Duties were borrowed from USSR.
(b) Incorrect: Canada contributed the concept of a strong Centre and distribution of residual powers in the Indian Constitution, not Fundamental Duties.
(c) Incorrect: 'Other' is not applicable; the correct source country is the USSR.
Constitutional Development and Making · Borrowed features - sources of the Constitution

Q36. The criteria of single citizenship was taken from which of the following country's constitution?

  1. (a) USSR
  2. (b) Britain
  3. (c) Canada
  4. (d) France
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Britain

The concept of single citizenship (where all residents are citizens of India only, not of individual states) was borrowed from the British (UK) Constitution. In Britain, there is one common citizenship for the entire nation, unlike the US federal system where citizens have both state and national citizenship.
(a) Incorrect: USSR contributed the concept of Fundamental Duties to the Indian Constitution, not single citizenship.
(b) Incorrect: Canada contributed the concept of a strong Central government and distribution of residual powers, not single citizenship.
(c) Incorrect: France contributed the ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity; single citizenship was borrowed from Britain.
Constitutional Development and Making · Borrowed features - sources of the Constitution

Q37. Election of member of Rajyasabha on the basis of proportional representation is sourced from the constitution of which country?

  1. (a) South Africa
  2. (b) USSR
  3. (c) France
  4. (d) Canada
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) South Africa

The system of election to the Rajya Sabha on the basis of proportional representation through single transferable vote was sourced from the South African Constitution. South Africa's legislative model influenced the method of electing upper house members proportionally.
(a) Incorrect: USSR contributed the concept of Fundamental Duties; it is not the source for proportional representation in Rajya Sabha elections.
(b) Incorrect: France contributed Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity ideals; it did not contribute the proportional representation system for the Rajya Sabha.
(c) Incorrect: Canada contributed the concept of a strong Centre; it is not the source for Rajya Sabha election by proportional representation.
State Government · Chief Minister and State Council of Ministers

Q38. 'Collective responsibility of Council of Ministers to the Legislative Assembly' is stated in:

  1. (a) Art. 164(2)
  2. (b) Art. 163
  3. (c) Art. 168
  4. (d) Art. 171
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Art. 164(2)

Article 164(2) of the Indian Constitution specifically provides for the collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers to the Legislative Assembly of the State. It states: 'The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly of the State.'
(a) Incorrect: Article 163 deals with the Council of Ministers to aid and advise the Governor; it does not specifically state collective responsibility to the Legislative Assembly.
(b) Incorrect: Article 168 deals with the Constitution of Legislatures in states (composition of state legislatures), not collective ministerial responsibility.
(c) Incorrect: Article 171 deals with the composition of the Legislative Councils (Vidhan Parishad) of states, not collective ministerial responsibility.
Emergency and Centre-State Relations · Legislative relations and Seventh Schedule lists

Q39. When the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution under Article 249, the power of Parliament to legislate remains valid for:

  1. (a) 1 year
  2. (b) 5 years
  3. (c) 6 months
  4. (d) Lok Sabha term
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 1 year

Under Article 249, when the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by a two-thirds majority declaring that it is necessary in the national interest for Parliament to legislate on a State List subject, Parliament can do so. This power remains valid for one year (and can be renewed indefinitely by passing fresh resolutions each year).
(a) Incorrect: 5 years is the term of the Lok Sabha, not the validity period for Article 249 legislation.
(b) Incorrect: 6 months is not the validity period under Article 249; it is 1 year per resolution.
(c) Incorrect: 'Lok Sabha term' is not the prescribed validity period under Article 249; the resolution's legislative power lasts 1 year.
DPSP and Fundamental Duties · Important DPSP articles (39A, 40, 44, 45, 48A, 50, 51)

Q40. Who chaired the Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code (UCC) drafting committee, which submitted its report in 2024?

  1. (a) Ranjana Desai
  2. (b) Indu Malhotra
  3. (c) Hima Kohli
  4. (d) Ritu Raj Awasthi
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Ranjana Desai

Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai (retired Supreme Court judge) chaired the Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code Expert Committee. The committee submitted its 749-page report to CM Pushkar Singh Dhami in February 2024, making Uttarakhand the first state to draft a UCC after independence.
(a) Incorrect: Justice Indu Malhotra is a retired Supreme Court judge but did not chair the Uttarakhand UCC committee.
(b) Incorrect: Justice Hima Kohli is a sitting Supreme Court judge and did not chair the Uttarakhand UCC committee.
(c) Incorrect: Justice Ritu Raj Awasthi (former Allahabad HC Chief Justice) was a member of the Law Commission of India, not the chair of Uttarakhand's UCC committee.
Polity Miscellaneous · Important acts and rights laws (RTI, RTE, etc.)

Q41. The 'Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act' was passed in 2023. What is its main purpose?

  1. (a) To give free internet to all
  2. (b) To protect the personal data of citizens
  3. (c) To ban social media
  4. (d) To create new government websites
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) To protect the personal data of citizens

The Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, passed by the Indian Parliament in August 2023, aims to establish a comprehensive framework for protecting the personal data of Indian citizens. It creates obligations for data fiduciaries and rights for data principals (individuals).
(a) Incorrect: Free internet access is not the purpose of the DPDP Act; it is addressed by initiatives like BharatNet and PM WANI.
(b) Incorrect: Banning social media is not the purpose of the DPDP Act; it establishes data protection standards and accountability for data processors.
(c) Incorrect: Creating new government websites is not related to the DPDP Act; it focuses on regulating how personal data is collected, stored, and processed.

Current Affairs (5)

Appointments and Resignations · National appointments

Q42. Who took over as the Cabinet Secretary of India in August 2024?

  1. (a) T. V. Somanathan
  2. (b) Rajiv Gauba
  3. (c) Ajay Seth
  4. (d) Rajesh Verma
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) T. V. Somanathan

T.V. Somanathan, a 1987 batch IAS officer of the Tamil Nadu cadre, took over as the Cabinet Secretary of India in August 2024, succeeding Rajiv Gauba. The Cabinet Secretary is the senior-most IAS officer and head of the Indian Administrative Service.
(a) Incorrect: Rajiv Gauba served as Cabinet Secretary from 2019 to 2024; he was succeeded by T.V. Somanathan in August 2024.
(b) Incorrect: Ajay Seth served as the Economic Affairs Secretary, not as Cabinet Secretary.
(c) Incorrect: Rajesh Verma served as Chief Election Commissioner; he was not appointed as Cabinet Secretary in August 2024.
State News · State elections and results

Q43. Who took over as the Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh after the 2023 state elections and was prominent in 2024 governance news?

  1. (a) T. S. Singh Deo
  2. (b) Vishnu Deo Sai
  3. (c) Raman Singh
  4. (d) Bhupesh Baghel
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Vishnu Deo Sai

Vishnu Deo Sai, a tribal leader from the BJP, was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh on December 13, 2023, after the BJP's decisive victory in the state elections. He is the first tribal CM of Chhattisgarh and remained prominent in 2024 governance news.
(a) Incorrect: T.S. Singh Deo was a senior Congress leader who served as Deputy CM under Bhupesh Baghel; he did not become CM after 2023 elections.
(b) Incorrect: Raman Singh served as CM of Chhattisgarh from 2003–2018 under BJP; he did not return as CM after 2023 elections.
(c) Incorrect: Bhupesh Baghel served as CM from 2018–2023 under Congress but lost the 2023 elections to BJP.
National Affairs and Government Initiatives · New government schemes and missions

Q44. The Young Authors Mentorship Scheme has been launched in three phases: first in May 2021, next in October 2022, and next in:

  1. (a) January 2024
  2. (b) March 2025
  3. (c) December 2024
  4. (d) April 2025
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) March 2025

The Young Authors Mentorship Scheme (YAMS), launched by the National Book Trust (NBT) under the Ministry of Education, has been rolled out in three phases: Phase 1 in May 2021, Phase 2 in October 2022, and Phase 3 in March 2025. The scheme mentors young authors to produce quality literature.
(a) Incorrect: January 2024 is not the correct date for the third phase of the Young Authors Mentorship Scheme.
(b) Incorrect: December 2024 is not the date for the third phase of the scheme.
(c) Incorrect: April 2025 is not the date for the third phase; the scheme's third phase was launched in March 2025.
Sports - Current · Venues and hosts

Q45. The 2024 National Chess Championship (Senior Open) provided competitive exposure to elite players. Which city hosted this championship?

  1. (a) Srinagar
  2. (b) Panji
  3. (c) Gurugram
  4. (d) Leh
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Gurugram

The 2024 National Chess Championship (Senior Open) was held in Gurugram (Haryana). The National Chess Championship is organised by the All India Chess Federation (AICF) and serves as the premier chess event in India.
(a) Incorrect: Srinagar did not host the 2024 National Chess Championship (Senior Open).
(b) Incorrect: Panji (Panaji) is the capital of Goa but did not host the 2024 National Chess Championship.
(c) Incorrect: Leh is in Ladakh and did not host the 2024 National Chess Championship.
Science, Technology and Space - Current · Space missions - current

Q46. What significant milestone did ISRO achieve with the GSLV-F15 mission, marking a historic count of launches from its Sriharikota facility?

  1. (a) First lunar mission
  2. (b) 100th overall rocket launch from Sriharikota
  3. (c) First human spaceflight
  4. (d) Launch of India's first space station module
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 100th overall rocket launch from Sriharikota

ISRO's GSLV-F15 mission (January 2025), carrying the NVS-02 navigation satellite, marked the historic milestone of the 100th rocket launch from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC-SHAR) at Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh. This was a significant achievement in India's space programme spanning over five decades.
(a) Incorrect: India's first lunar mission was Chandrayaan-1 (2008); the 100th launch milestone was with GSLV-F15 in 2025.
(b) Incorrect: India's first human spaceflight ( Gaganyaan ) is scheduled for 2025; the GSLV-F15 mission was not the first human spaceflight.
(c) Incorrect: India's first space station module launch is planned for the future ISRO Indian Space Station programme , not the GSLV-F15 mission.

Medieval History (2)

Mughal Empire · Babur and his battles

Q47. The 'Mughal Empire' was founded in 1526 by?

  1. (a) Akbar
  2. (b) Humayun
  3. (c) Babur
  4. (d) Sher Shah Suri
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Babur

Babur (Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur), a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan, founded the Mughal Empire after defeating Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat on April 21, 1526. He established the empire that would rule most of the Indian subcontinent for over 300 years.
(a) Incorrect: Akbar was Babur's grandson and the third Mughal Emperor; he did not found the Mughal Empire.
(b) Incorrect: Humayun was Babur's son and second Mughal Emperor; he inherited the empire but did not found it.
(c) Incorrect: Sher Shah Suri was an Afghan ruler who briefly overthrew Humayun (1540–1545) but was not the founder of the Mughal Empire.
Mughal Empire · Aurangzeb

Q48. What was the imperial title adopted by Aurangzeb?

  1. (a) Badshah- i -Hind
  2. (b) Shah-in-Shah
  3. (c) Alamgir
  4. (d) Padshah - i -Ghazi
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Alamgir

Aurangzeb (Muhi- ud -din Muhammad Aurangzeb) adopted the imperial title 'Alamgir' (meaning 'Conqueror of the Universe' or 'World-Seizer') upon ascending the Mughal throne in 1658. He is formally known as Alamgir I. He was the sixth and last of the great Mughal emperors.
(a) Incorrect: 'Badshah- i -Hind' (King of India) was not Aurangzeb's adopted imperial title; his title was Alamgir.
(b) Incorrect: 'Shah-in-Shah' (King of Kings) was a Persian title used by some rulers but was not Aurangzeb's formal imperial title.
(c) Incorrect: ' Padshah - i -Ghazi' (Emperor who fights for the faith) is an honorific that could apply to several rulers; Aurangzeb's specific adopted title was Alamgir.

Biology (2)

Nutrition and Digestion · Digestive enzymes and juices

Q49. Which organ in the human body produces bile, a digestive fluid that helps emulsify fats for absorption in the small intestine?

  1. (a) Pancreas
  2. (b) Liver
  3. (c) Gall bladder
  4. (d) Duodenum
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Liver

Bile is produced by the liver (hepatocytes/liver cells) and is then stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. When fatty food enters the small intestine, bile is released from the gallbladder into the duodenum to emulsify fats, making them easier for digestive enzymes to break down.
(a) Incorrect: The pancreas produces pancreatic juice (containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate) and insulin/glucagon; it does not produce bile.
(b) Incorrect: The gall bladder stores and concentrates bile but does not produce it; bile is produced by the liver.
(c) Incorrect: The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine where bile and pancreatic juice are released; it does not produce bile.
Nutrition and Digestion · Vitamins - sources, functions and deficiency

Q50. Certain vitamins play a crucial role in blood coagulation. Which vitamin is essential for the activation of clotting factors in the liver?

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Vitamin D
  3. (c) Vitamin K
  4. (d) Vitamin C
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Vitamin K

Vitamin K is essential for blood coagulation (clotting). It activates several clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X) produced in the liver through a process called carboxylation. Deficiency of Vitamin K leads to impaired blood clotting and excessive bleeding. It is found in green leafy vegetables.
(a) Incorrect: Vitamin A is essential for vision, immune function, and cell growth; it is not involved in blood clotting.
(b) Incorrect: Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption, bone health, and immune function; it is not directly involved in blood coagulation.
(c) Incorrect: Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis and antioxidant protection; while it helps with wound healing, it is not responsible for activating clotting factors.
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