Agriculture and Food Security – Economics Questions Asked in SSC & Railway Exams (PYQs with Answers)

SSC Stenographer 2026 – 15 September 2026 Shift 2 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q1. Which renowned Indian scientist was conferred the title 'Father of India's Green Revolution' for introducing high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, transforming India from a food-deficient to a self-sufficient nation?

(a) Norman Borlaug
(b) C. Subramaniam
(c) M.S. Swaminathan
(d) Verghese Kurien

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) M.S. Swaminathan

Answer: Option 3 — M.S. Swaminathan
M. S. Swaminathan adapted Norman Borlaug's dwarf Mexican wheat to Indian conditions in the mid-1960s and pushed HYV seeds into Punjab, Haryana and western UP.
That is why he is called the Father of India's Green Revolution.
Revision note — M. S. Swaminathan and the Green Revolution
• Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (7 August 1925 – 28 September 2023), born at Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu; a plant geneticist.
• The Green Revolution began in 1966–67 with HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers, irrigation and pesticides, first in wheat, then rice.
• Norman Borlaug (USA) is the Father of the global Green Revolution and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970.
• C. Subramaniam, Union Food and Agriculture Minister (1964–66), is called the political architect of the Green Revolution; Bharat Ratna 1998.
• Swaminathan won the first World Food Prize (1987), the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1971) and the Bharat Ratna (2024, posthumous).
• He chaired the National Commission on Farmers (2004–06), which recommended MSP at cost plus 50 per cent (C2 + 50%); he founded the M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai (1988).
Do not mix these up
• Borlaug vs Swaminathan — Borlaug bred the dwarf wheat and is Father of the Green Revolution worldwide; Swaminathan brought it to India.
• Green vs White Revolution — Green is food grains (Swaminathan); White is milk, Operation Flood (Verghese Kurien, 1970).
Also asked from this topic: the Father of India's Green Revolution (M. S. Swaminathan); the crops of the Green Revolution (wheat and rice); the Father of the White Revolution (Verghese Kurien).

SSC Stenographer 2026 – 11 September 2026 Shift 2 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q2. Which of the following statements most accurately captures a key reform introduced under the revamped Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) from Kharif 2020 onwards, particularly addressing issues of transparency and timely claim settlement?

(a) The revamped scheme removed all private insurers and made crop insurance mandatory for all farmers receiving institutional credit
(b) States were allowed to fix their own actuarial premium rates without reference to the central subsidy cap.
(c) Enrollment under PMFBY was made entirely voluntary for all farmers, and a Crop Insurance Portal with GPS-based Crop Cutting Experiments (CCEs) was introduced to reduce delays in claim settlement.
(d) The central government withdrew its financial contribution to premium subsidies for states with low penetration, making the scheme optional for them.

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Enrollment under PMFBY was made entirely voluntary for all farmers, and a Crop Insurance Portal with GPS-based Crop Cutting Experiments (CCEs) was introduced to reduce delays in claim settlement.

Answer: Option 3 — Enrollment under PMFBY was made entirely voluntary for all farmers, and a Crop Insurance Portal with GPS-based Crop Cutting Experiments (CCEs) was introduced to reduce delays in claim settlement.
The Cabinet revamp of February 2020 made enrolment voluntary for loanee farmers too from Kharif 2020.
Yield data now flows through the National Crop Insurance Portal (NCIP) and the CCE-Agri app with GPS-tagged, photographed crop cutting experiments, so claims are settled faster.
Revision note — Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
• Launched on 13 January 2016 (in force from Kharif 2016), replacing NAIS and MNAIS; run by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
• Farmer's premium: 2 % of sum insured for Kharif, 1.5 % for Rabi, 5 % for annual commercial and horticultural crops; the rest is shared by Centre and State.
• Covers prevented sowing, standing crop loss, post-harvest loss and localised calamities (hailstorm, landslide, inundation).
• Revamp 2020: enrolment voluntary for all; central premium subsidy capped at 30 % for unirrigated and 25 % for irrigated areas; states may sign three-year contracts with insurers.
• Later add-ons: Meri Policy Mere Haath (2022) for doorstep policy delivery; DigiClaim for direct online claim payment.
• YES-TECH (yield estimation by satellite) and WINDS (automatic weather stations) were added in 2023.
• In January 2025 the Cabinet extended PMFBY and RWBCIS to 2025-26 with an outlay of about ₹69,515 crore and a Fund for Innovation and Technology (FIAT).
Do not mix these up
• PMFBY vs RWBCIS — PMFBY pays on actual yield loss measured by crop cutting experiments; the Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme pays on weather indices (rainfall, temperature) as a proxy.
• Loanee vs non-loanee farmers — before Kharif 2020 the scheme was compulsory for loanee farmers; now it is voluntary for both.
Also asked from this topic: whether enrolment is mandatory (voluntary since Kharif 2020); the farmer's premium on commercial and horticultural crops (5 %); the launch year of PMFBY (2016).

SSC Stenographer 2026 – 10 September 2026 Shift 3 · Agricultural policies and missions

Q3. Globalization has significantly impacted Indian agriculture. Which of the following is a negative consequence often associated with globalization's impact on Indian farmers?

(a) Increased access to international markets for agricultural products.
(b) Greater availability of modern agricultural machinery.
(c) Exposure to competition from cheaper imported agricultural goods and volatile global prices.
(d) Promotion of diversified cropping patterns for export.

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Exposure to competition from cheaper imported agricultural goods and volatile global prices.

Answer: Option 3 — Exposure to competition from cheaper imported agricultural goods and volatile global prices.
Globalisation opened Indian farming to world markets, so growers now face cheap imports and prices set abroad.
The other three statements describe gains, not losses.
Revision note — Globalisation and Indian agriculture
• Under the WTO Agreement on Agriculture (1995) India had to remove quantitative restrictions on farm imports; they went completely by April 2001.
• Edible oil is the clearest case — cheap imported palm and soya oil now meet well over half of India's demand and have squeezed domestic oilseed growers.
• Public investment in agriculture fell through the 1990s while input costs rose, hitting small and marginal farmers, who hold about 86 per cent of all operational holdings.
• Export-led cash cropping in cotton, vanilla and gherkins exposed farmers to global price crashes, a recognised driver of agrarian distress since the late 1990s.
• Gains did follow — basmati rice, spices, marine products and buffalo meat exports grew strongly and India is now a leading farm exporter.
• The Minimum Support Price and buffer stocking by the Food Corporation of India (1965) remain the main shield against imported price volatility.
Do not mix these up
• Liberalisation vs globalisation — liberalisation loosens internal controls on Indian producers; globalisation opens the economy outward to world trade and capital.
Also asked from this topic: globalisation's uneven gains after 1991 (SSC CGL 2025); the reform that let MNCs enter India (globalisation, SSC CGL 2025).

RRB Group D 2025-26 – 10 August 2026 Shift 2 · Agricultural credit and institutions (NABARD, KCC)

Q4. In February 2026, NABARD released State Focus Papers primarily for planning which activity?

(a) Defence budget expenditure planning
(b) Renewable energy export planning
(c) Priority sector credit planning
(d) Urban development corridor planning

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Priority sector credit planning

Answer: Option 3 – Priority sector credit planning.
• NABARD's State Focus Papers (Feb 2026) are prepared mainly forpriority-sector credit planning, estimating credit potential for agriculture and allied sectors.

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 20 June 2026 Shift 2 · Agricultural credit and institutions (NABARD, KCC)

Q5. Which institution is primarily responsible for providing and regulating credit for the promotion of agriculture and rural development in India?

(a) Ministry of Finance
(b) National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
(c) Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
(d) State Bank of India (SBI)

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)

Topic: Agricultural Credit & Rural Development
NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development)
• Established in 1982 under NABARD Act 1981
• Apex institution for agricultural credit and rural development
• Provides refinance to banks for agricultural loans
• Regulates and supervises cooperative banks and RRBs
Other institutions:
• RBI: Overall banking regulation
• Ministry of Finance: Policy formulation
• SBI: Commercial banking operations
Answer: Option 2 → National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 19 June 2026 Shift 1 · Rural development and rural credit

Q6. Government of India created the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) in NABARD in 1995-96, with an initial corpus of:

(a) ₹2,000 crore
(b) ₹4,500 crore
(c) ₹5,000 crore
(d) ₹3,000 crore

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) ₹2,000 crore

Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF)
Established: 1995-96 in NABARD
Purpose: Finance rural infrastructure projects
Initial Corpus: ₹2,000 crore
Funded by commercial banks' shortfall in priority sector lending
Answer: Option 1 → ₹2,000 crore

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 19 June 2026 Shift 2 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q7. In which year was the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) launched?

(a) 2013-14
(b) 2015-16
(c) 2012-13
(d) 2014-15

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 2015-16

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)
Launched:1st July 2015(Financial Year 2015-16)
Objective: Expand cultivated area with assured irrigation
Motto:'Har Khet Ko Pani'(Water to Every Field)
Merged schemes: AIBP, IWMP, Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme
Answer: Option 2 → 2015-16

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 17 June 2026 Shift 2 · Agricultural credit and institutions (NABARD, KCC)

Q8. All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey (NAFIS) is conducted by which organisation?

(a) RBI
(b) NABARD
(c) FICCI
(d) CII

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) NABARD

All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey (NAFIS)
Conducted by:NABARD(National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development)
Purpose: Assess financial inclusion status of rural households in India
First survey conducted in 2016-17
Answer: Option 2 → NABARD

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 15 June 2026 Shift 2 · Agricultural policies and missions

Q9. When was national Agriculture policy launched in India?

(a) 2007
(b) 2005
(c) 2002
(d) 2000

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) 2000

Topic:National Agriculture Policy (NAP)
The National Agriculture Policy was launched by the
Government of India inJuly 2000.
Key objectives: Achieve 4% annual growth in agriculture,
ensure food security, and promote sustainable farming.
Answer: Option 4 → 2000

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 15 June 2026 Shift 3 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q10. Which of the following is NOT an objective of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)?

(a) Stabilising farmers’ income and ensuring continuation in farming activities
(b) Providing minimum support price for agricultural produce to farmers
(c) Providing financial support to farmers facing crop loss due to unforeseen events
(d) Promoting adoption of modern and innovative agricultural practices by farmers

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Providing minimum support price for agricultural produce to farmers

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
Launched: 2016 for crop insurance
Main Objectives:
• Stabilize farmers' income through insurance
• Provide financial support for crop loss (natural calamities)
• Encourage modern agricultural practices
MSP (Minimum Support Price)is a separate scheme
MSP is NOT part of PMFBY objectives
Answer: Option 2 → Providing minimum support price for agricultural produce to farmers

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 13 June 2026 Shift 3 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q11. Which of the following is the funding ratio shared by the Central and State Governments under the 'Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana' in the North-eastern and Himalayan States?

(a) 50 : 50
(b) 80 : 20
(c) 60 : 40
(d) 90 : 10

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) 90 : 10

Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
Launched in 2015 under Soil Health Management (SHM).
Promotes organic farming through cluster approach.
Funding Pattern:
General States: Centre 60% : State 40%
NE & Himalayan States: Centre 90% : State 10%
Answer: Option 4 → 90 : 10

SSC GD 2026 – 27 May 2026 Shift 1 · Public Distribution System and FCI

Q12. As of November 2024, what percentage of all PDS
beneficiaries in India have completed their e-KYC?

(a) 88%
(b) 42%
(c) 100%
(d) 64%

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) 64%

Correct Answer: 64% — Option (d)
As of November 2024, 64% of all PDS (Public Distribution System) beneficiaries in India had completed their e-KYC (electronic Know Your Customer) verification. About PDS e-KYC: PDS: Public Distribution System — India's food security system that distributes subsidized food grains (wheat, rice, sugar) to eligible beneficiaries (ration card holders); e-KYC for PDS: Electronic verification of identity of PDS beneficiaries using Aadhaar; Objective: To eliminate bogus/duplicate/fake ration card holders and ensure genuine beneficiaries receive their entitled subsidized food; Technology: Aadhaar-based biometric authentication at Fair Price Shops (FPS); Beneficiaries authenticate using fingerprint or iris scan; Status as of November 2024: 64% of all PDS beneficiaries had completed e-KYC; This means 36% were yet to complete e-KYC; About One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC): Linked to PDS modernization; Allows beneficiaries to access ration from any Fair Price Shop anywhere in India; About National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013: Covers about 81.35 crore (813.5 million) people — about 2/3 of India's population; Provides subsidized rice at ₹3/kg, wheat at ₹2/kg, coarse cereals at ₹1/kg; Beneficiaries must complete e-KYC to ensure they continue receiving benefits under NFSA; The government pushed for Aadhaar-based authentication to reduce leakages.
Option (a) 88% — Incorrect: As of November 2024, the percentage of PDS beneficiaries who completed e-KYC was 64% — NOT 88%; while 88% would be a higher achievement, the actual figure reported was 64%.
Option (b) 42% — Incorrect: The percentage of PDS beneficiaries who completed e-KYC as of November 2024 was 64% — NOT 42%; 42% would represent less than half, which would be significantly lower than the actual achievement.
Option (c) 100% — Incorrect: As of November 2024, e-KYC completion among PDS beneficiaries was NOT 100%; the actual figure was 64%, meaning about 36% of beneficiaries still needed to complete their e-KYC verification.

SSC GD 2026 – 26 May 2026 Shift 2 · Agricultural credit and institutions (NABARD, KCC)

Q13. When was NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) established?

(a) 1969
(b) 1972
(c) 1982
(d) 1990

Answer & solution

Correct Answer: 1982 — Option (c)
NABARD was established on July 12, 1982. About NABARD: Full form: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development; Established: July 12, 1982, under the NABARD Act, 1981; Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra; Type: Apex Development Bank (not a commercial bank); Basis of establishment: Based on the recommendations of the B. Sivaraman Committee (Committee to Review Arrangements for Institutional Credit for Agriculture and Rural Development), which submitted its report in 1981; Historical context: Before NABARD, agricultural credit was handled by: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) — through its Agricultural Credit Department; Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC); NABARD was created by merging the Agricultural Credit Department of RBI and the ARDC; NABARD's functions: Provides refinance to rural financial institutions (Regional Rural Banks, Cooperative Banks, Commercial Banks); Formulates credit policies for the rural economy; Supervises and inspects Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and Cooperative Banks; Implements rural development programs; Manages Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF); Supports Self-Help Group (SHG) — Bank Linkage Programme ; NABARD's capital: Initially, RBI and Government of India contributed equally (50:50); Government of India's share is now 99.6%; About related institutions: RBI — India's central bank, established in 1935; State Bank of India (SBI) — established in 1955; National Housing Bank (NHB) — established in 1988; SIDBI — established in 1990.
Option (a) 1969 — Incorrect: 1969 was a landmark year in Indian banking history — 14 major private banks were nationalized in 1969 under PM Indira Gandhi; but NABARD was NOT established in 1969; NABARD was established much later in 1982.
Option (b) 1972 — Incorrect: NABARD was not established in 1972; 1972 saw the nationalization of 6 more banks (making it 20 nationalized banks total); NABARD was established in 1982 based on the B. Sivaraman Committee recommendations.
Option (d) 1990 — Incorrect: NABARD was established in 1982, not 1990; 1990 saw the establishment of SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India); NABARD was set up eight years earlier in 1982.

SSC GD 2026 – 26 May 2026 Shift 3 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q14. In India, the Green Revolution mainly refers to which of the following?

(a) Massive increase in foodgrain production
(b) Massive increase in the green cover area of the country
(c) Massive increase in horticulture production
(d) Massive increase in shrimp farming production

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Massive increase in foodgrain production

Correct Answer: Massive increase in foodgrain production — Option (a)
The Green Revolution in India refers to the massive increase in foodgrain (especially wheat and rice) production that occurred in the mid-1960s to mid-1970s. About the Green Revolution: Period: Mid-1960s to mid-1970s (approximate); Key figures: M.S. Swaminathan — 'Father of Green Revolution in India' (Indian); Norman Borlaug — 'Father of Green Revolution' (American, Nobel Peace Prize 1970); Initiated under: PM Lal Bahadur Shastri and continued under Indira Gandhi; Key components: High-Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds — especially Mexican dwarf wheat varieties and IR8 rice ('Miracle Rice'); Extensive use of chemical fertilizers (especially nitrogenous); Irrigation expansion; Pesticides and modern farming inputs; Improved agricultural practices; Impact: India's foodgrain production increased dramatically: Wheat production: From ~11 million tonnes (1960-61) to ~17 million tonnes (1968) — nearly doubled in a few years; Rice production also improved significantly; India moved from food-deficit to food-surplus nation; The 'Ship to Mouth' situation (India depending on PL-480 food aid from USA) ended; India became self-sufficient in foodgrains; Main regions: Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh were the epicenters of the Green Revolution; Punjab became India's 'Granary' or 'Bread Basket'; Limitations: Benefits limited to certain crops (wheat, rice) and regions; Increased water usage and groundwater depletion; Heavy fertilizer/pesticide use causing environmental issues; Widening inequality between big and small farmers.
Option (b) Massive increase in the green cover area of the country — Incorrect: The Green Revolution is NOT about increasing forest/green cover; it refers specifically to the revolution in agricultural (foodgrain) production using HYV seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; increasing green cover is related to afforestation programs, not the Green Revolution. The candidate selected this incorrect option.
Option (c) Massive increase in horticulture production — Incorrect: The increase in horticulture (fruits and vegetables) production is sometimes called the 'Golden Revolution' or 'Second Green Revolution' in India — NOT the original Green Revolution; the Green Revolution specifically refers to the dramatic increase in foodgrain (wheat and rice) production.
Option (d) Massive increase in shrimp farming production — Incorrect: Shrimp farming production is associated with the 'Blue Revolution' (aquaculture/fisheries) in India — NOT the Green Revolution; the Green Revolution specifically refers to the dramatic increase in foodgrain production through HYV seeds and modern agricultural inputs.

SSC GD 2026 – 18 May 2026 Shift 3 · National Food Security Act

Q15. On which date did the Union Cabinet approve the continuation of fortified rice supply under PMGKAY until December 2028?

(a) 15 August 2024
(b) 1 July 2024
(c) 9 October 2024
(d) 1 January 2025

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 9 October 2024

Correct Answer: 9 October 2024 — Option (c)
The Union Cabinet, under PMGKAY (Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana), approved the continuation of the supply of fortified rice to beneficiaries until December 2028 on 9 October 2024. Rice fortification involves adding essential micronutrients (iron, folic acid, vitamin B12) to rice to address nutritional deficiencies, particularly anaemia and hidden hunger among vulnerable populations. PMGKAY is the world's largest food security scheme, providing free food grains to about 80 crore (800 million) beneficiaries under the National Food Security Act (NFSA). The fortified rice initiative is part of India's effort to improve nutritional outcomes among food-insecure populations.
Option (a) 15 August 2024 — Incorrect: Independence Day (15 August 2024) was not when the Cabinet approved this extension; the approval came on 9 October 2024.
Option (b) 1 July 2024 — Incorrect: 1 July 2024 was not the date of Cabinet approval for extending fortified rice supply under PMGKAY until December 2028.
Option (d) 1 January 2025 — Incorrect: The Cabinet approval for extending fortified rice supply under PMGKAY was on 9 October 2024, not 1 January 2025.

SSC GD 2026 – 9 May 2026 Shift 2 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q16. In India, during the Green Revolution, high-yielding variety seeds of _____ were used.

(a) Rice and Wheat
(b) Sugarcane and Tea
(c) Jowar and Bajra
(d) Mustard and Ragi

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Rice and Wheat

Correct Answer: Rice and Wheat — Option (a)
The Green Revolution in India (mid-1960s to 1970s) was primarily based on the introduction and adoption of High-Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds of Rice and Wheat. The revolution was spearheaded by Dr. M.S. Swaminathan (Indian agricultural scientist, known as the 'Father of the Green Revolution in India') along with the support of Norman Borlaug (who developed dwarf wheat varieties and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970). The new HYV seeds, combined with increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation, led to a dramatic increase in food grain production — making India self-sufficient in food grains and transforming it from a food-deficit to a food-surplus country.
Option (b) Sugarcane and Tea — Incorrect: The Green Revolution focused on staple food grains (rice and wheat), not cash crops like sugarcane or plantation crops like tea.
Option (c) Jowar and Bajra — Incorrect: While HYV seeds for millets were developed later, the primary Green Revolution was centred on Rice and Wheat, not coarse cereals like Jowar and Bajra.
Option (d) Mustard and Ragi — Incorrect: These crops were not the primary focus of the Green Revolution; the revolution was built on HYV seeds of Rice and Wheat.

SSC GD 2026 – 8 May 2026 Shift 3 · Agricultural policies and missions

Q17. The National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) functions under which of the following ministries?

(a) Ministry of Cooperation
(b) Ministry of Jal Shakti
(c) Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare
(d) Ministry of Earth Sciences

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare

Correct Answer: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare — Option (c)
The National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) was established in 2006 and functions under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare ( MoAFW ), Government of India. NRAA was set up to provide focused attention and policy advice for the development of rainfed areas in India. India has approximately 68% of its net sown area under rainfed agriculture (dependent on monsoon, not irrigation). NRAA coordinates integrated watershed development programmes , promotes sustainable agricultural practices in rainfed regions, and helps reduce regional imbalances in agricultural productivity.
Option (a) Ministry of Cooperation — Incorrect: The Ministry of Cooperation (established 2021) deals with the cooperative sector; NRAA functions under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare.
Option (b) Ministry of Jal Shakti — Incorrect: Jal Shakti Ministry handles water resources and sanitation; NRAA (focused on rainfed agriculture) is under the Agriculture Ministry.
Option (d) Ministry of Earth Sciences — Incorrect: The Ministry of Earth Sciences handles meteorology, seismology, and ocean sciences; NRAA is under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare.

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 8 May 2026 Shift 1 · Agricultural policies and missions

Q18. In which year was the National seeds policy launched?

(a) 2005
(b) 2002
(c) 2000
(d) 2007

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 2002

National Seeds Policy
The National Seeds Policy was launched by the Government of India in2002.
Key objectives: Promote seed production, ensure quality seeds availability, encourage private sector participation, and develop seed infrastructure.
This policy aimed to achieve self-sufficiency in seed production and improve agricultural productivity.
Answer: Option 2 → 2002

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 8 May 2026 Shift 2 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q19. During which of the following revolutions in India did planned investment in horticulture become highly productive, leading to the emergence of the sector as a sustainable livelihood option?

(a) Golden revolution
(b) Blue revolution
(c) White revolution
(d) Green revolution

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Golden revolution

Golden Revolution (1991-2003)
Focus: Horticulture development in India
Key Features:
• Planned investment in fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices
• High productivity and profitability achieved
• Emerged as sustainable livelihood option for farmers
• Diversification from traditional crops
Other Revolutions:
•Blue Revolution→ Fish production
•White Revolution→ Milk production (Operation Flood)
•Green Revolution→ Foodgrain production (wheat, rice)
Answer: Option 1 → Golden revolution

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 8 May 2026 Shift 3 · Rural development and rural credit

Q20. What was the initial corpus of the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) when it was established in 1995-96?

(a) ₹10,000 crore
(b) ₹2,000 crore
(c) ₹1,000 crore
(d) ₹5,000 crore

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) ₹2,000 crore

Topic: Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF)
RIDF was established in1995-96by NABARD.
Purpose: Finance rural infrastructure projects in agriculture and allied sectors.
Initial corpus:₹2,000 crore
Funded by shortfall in priority sector lending by commercial banks.
Answer: Option 2 → ₹2,000 crore

SSC GD 2026 – 5 May 2026 Shift 2 · Public Distribution System and FCI

Q21. Food Corporation of India (FCI) was established in ___.

(a) 1951
(b) 1965
(c) 1968
(d) 1974

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 1965

Correct Answer: 1965 — Option (b)
The Food Corporation of India (FCI) was established on January 14, 1965 under the Food Corporations Act, 1964. It was set up to handle the procurement, storage, distribution, and trade of food grains (primarily wheat and rice) in India. FCI plays a central role in implementing the Government of India's food policy — ensuring price support to farmers through Minimum Support Price (MSP) and food security for the population through the Public Distribution System (PDS).
Option (a) 1951 — Incorrect: 1951 marks the beginning of the First Five Year Plan; FCI was not established in 1951.
Option (c) 1968 — Incorrect: The Green Revolution in India gained momentum around 1968, but FCI was already established in 1965.
Option (d) 1974 — Incorrect: 1974 was a period of food crisis in India; FCI had already been functioning since 1965.

SSC GD 2026 – 30 April 2026 Shift 1 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q22. Who is known as the 'Father of White Revolution' in India?

(a) Verghese Kurien
(b) Vikram Sarabhai
(c) Norman Borlaug
(d) M.S. Swaminathan

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Verghese Kurien

Correct Answer: Verghese Kurien — Option (a)
Verghese Kurien is known as the 'Father of the White Revolution' (also called Operation Flood) in India. Key facts about Verghese Kurien: Born: 26 November 1921 in Kozhikode (Calicut), Kerala; Died: 9 September 2012; Contribution: He transformed India from a milk-deficient country into the world's largest producer of milk and milk products; Operation Flood: The White Revolution (Operation Flood) was launched in 1970 as the world's largest dairy development program; it was implemented in three phases (1970-1996); Amul: Kurien was the founding chairman of the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF), which markets the iconic Amul brand; The Anand Model: He developed the 'Anand Pattern' cooperative model, which empowers farmers through cooperative societies; Awards: Padma Vibhushan (1999), Ramon Magsaysay Award (1963), World Food Prize (1989); Legacy: November 26 is celebrated as National Milk Day in India in his honor.
Option (b) Vikram Sarabhai — Incorrect: Vikram Sarabhai is known as the 'Father of the Indian Space Programme ' (not White Revolution); he founded ISRO and established India's space research infrastructure.
Option (c) Norman Borlaug — Incorrect: Norman Borlaug (American agronomist) is known as the 'Father of the Green Revolution' — he developed high-yielding dwarf wheat varieties that transformed global food production; he is NOT associated with the White Revolution (dairy).
Option (d) M.S. Swaminathan — Incorrect: M.S. Swaminathan is known as the 'Father of the Green Revolution in India' for his work in developing and introducing high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat; the White Revolution (dairy development) was led by Verghese Kurien.

SSC GD 2026 – 29 April 2026 Shift 2 · MSP and CACP

Q23. Minimum Support Price (MSP) was introduced in:

(a) 1950s
(b) 1960s
(c) 1970s
(d) 1980s

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 1960s

Correct Answer: 1960s — Option (b)
The Minimum Support Price (MSP) system was introduced in India in the 1960s. Key facts about MSP introduction: MSP was formally introduced in India in 1966-67 (during the mid-1960s) as part of the agricultural policy reforms associated with the Green Revolution; The concept emerged from the recommendations of the L.K. Jha Committee and was implemented to provide farmers with guaranteed minimum prices for their crops; The first MSP was announced for wheat in 1966-67; The MSP system was strengthened with the establishment of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) in 1965 (initially as the Agricultural Prices Commission); The MSP was introduced to: Provide price security to farmers; Ensure adequate food grain production; Protect farmers from distress selling during bumper harvest years; The MSP is currently announced for 23 crops including cereals (wheat, rice, maize, etc.), pulses, oilseeds, and commercial crops.
Option (a) 1950s — Incorrect: While agricultural price support concepts were discussed in the early planning period, the formal Minimum Support Price (MSP) system was not introduced in the 1950s — it was formally introduced in 1966-67 (the 1960s).
Option (c) 1970s — Incorrect: The MSP was introduced in the 1960s (specifically 1966-67), not the 1970s; the 1970s saw the expansion and consolidation of the MSP system, not its introduction.
Option (d) 1980s — Incorrect: By the 1980s, the MSP system was already well-established and had been operational for nearly two decades; the system was introduced in the 1960s. The candidate incorrectly selected this option.

SSC GD 2026 – 28 April 2026 Shift 1 · Land reforms

Q24. Which of the following challenges is most prominent in Indian agriculture today?

(a) Shortage of agricultural labor due to low population density in rural areas
(b) Increasing level of agricultural mechanization
(c) Continuous fragmentation of agricultural holdings and decline in operational holding size
(d) Declining domestic demand for major food grains

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Continuous fragmentation of agricultural holdings and decline in operational holding size

Correct Answer: Continuous fragmentation of agricultural holdings and decline in operational holding size — Option (c)
Fragmentation of agricultural land holdings is one of the most serious structural challenges facing Indian agriculture today. Due to the Hindu Succession Act and traditional inheritance practices, agricultural land is divided among all heirs with each generation, resulting in: Continuously shrinking average operational holding sizes (India's average holding has shrunk from 2.28 hectares in 1970-71 to about 1.08 hectares by 2015-16); Economically unviable sub-marginal holdings that cannot support mechanization or efficient farming; Difficulty in accessing institutional credit (small holdings have lower collateral value); Inability to invest in irrigation, technology, or quality inputs; Scattered plots making agricultural operations and water management inefficient. According to the Agriculture Census 2015-16, about 86% of India's farmers are small and marginal farmers with less than 2 hectares of land.
Option (a) Shortage of agricultural labor due to low population density in rural areas — Incorrect: India's rural areas have high population density and abundant agricultural labor; the challenge is seasonal labor migration and rising wages, not shortage due to low density.
Option (b) Increasing level of agricultural mechanization — Incorrect: While mechanization is increasing, it is generally seen as a positive development helping to address labor shortage and improve productivity, not a challenge to Indian agriculture.
Option (d) Declining domestic demand for major food grains — Incorrect: Domestic demand for food grains remains substantial given India's large population; per capita consumption patterns may be shifting but overall demand has not declined significantly.

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 25 March 2026 Shift 2 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q25. Which of the following programmes aims to increase soil fertility and thereby helps in production of healthy food through organic practices without the use of agro-chemicals?

(a) Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
(b) Pradhan Mantri Kisan MaanDhan Yojana
(c) Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
(d) Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana

Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
Launched in 2015 under Soil Health Management scheme.
Promotesorganic farmingandcluster-based approach.
Aims to improve soil fertility through organic practiceswithout agro-chemicals.
Provides financial assistance of ₹50,000/hectare for 3 years.
Answer: Option 3 → Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 24 March 2026 Shift 2 · Rural development and rural credit

Q26. Which of the following statements best describes the role of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in India?

(a) They encourage thrift and extend micro-credit facilities to poor rural women
(b) They provide large-scale industrial loans to f armers
(c) They operate as regional offices of the Reserve Bank of India
(d) They function as government-owned cooperative banks

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) They encourage thrift and extend micro-credit facilities to poor rural women

Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in India
Key Features:
• Small informal groups of 10-20 members (mostly rural women)
• Promote savings and thrift among members
• Provide micro-credit/small loans to members
• Linked with banks under SHG-Bank Linkage Programme
• Focus on financial inclusion of poor, especially women
Purpose:Empower rural poor through self-employment and micro-finance
Options 2, 3, 4 are incorrect:
• Not for large industrial loans
• Not RBI offices or government banks
Answer: Option 1 → They encourage thrift and extend micro-credit facilities to poor rural women

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 24 March 2026 Shift 3 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q27. Under the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), what is the premium rate paid by farmers for annual commercial and horticultural crops?

(a) 2% of the sum insured
(b) 7% of the sum insured
(c) 5% of the sum insured
(d) 3% of the sum insured

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 5% of the sum insured

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
Premium rates paid by farmers:
• Kharif crops:2%of sum insured
• Rabi crops:1.5%of sum insured
• Annual commercial/horticultural crops:5%of sum insured
Balance premium is subsidized by Government (Centre + State).
Answer: Option 3 → 5% of the sum insured

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 18 March 2026 Shift 1 · Rural development and rural credit

Q28. What is rural development concerned with?

(a) Development of metropolitan areas
(b) Expansion of industrial zones
(c) Economic growth and social justice
(d) Improvement of foreign trade relations

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Economic growth and social justice

Rural development focuses on improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in rural areas.
Key aspects include:
• Economic growth through agriculture, employment, infrastructure
• Social justice through education, healthcare, equality
It aims to reduce rural-urban disparities and ensure inclusive development.
Answer: Option 3 → Economic growth and social justice

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 18 March 2026 Shift 2 · Agricultural marketing (APMC, e-NAM)

Q29. In the post-liberalization era, the agricultural marketing system remained inefficient due to which structural factor?

(a) Weak APMC reform implementation
(b) Full deregulation of exports
(c) Over-corporatization of produc e
(d) Uniform E-NAM adoption

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Weak APMC reform implementation

Key Structural Issue:
APMCs (Agricultural Produce Market Committees) created monopolistic market structures with high fees and restricted farmer access to buyers.
Despite liberalization reforms, most states failed to implement APMC Act reforms effectively, maintaining restrictive practices.
Other options incorrect: Exports remained regulated, corporatization was limited, E-NAM adoption was partial and came much later (2016).
Answer: Option 1 → Weak APMC reform implementation

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 17 March 2026 Shift 2 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q30. The Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) was launched in which year?

(a) 2018
(b) 2016
(c) 2022
(d) 2020

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) 2020

Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)
Launched:10 September 2020
Objective: Blue Revolution through sustainable development of fisheries sector
Implementation Period: FY 2020-21 to FY 2024-25
Budget: ₹20,050 crores
Answer: Option 4 → 2020

RRB Technician Grade III 2025-26 – 6 March 2026 Shift 3 · Rural development and rural credit

Q31. The Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) was established in India in which of the following years?

(a) 1993–94
(b) 2002–03
(c) 2000–01
(d) 1995–96

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) 1995–96

The Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) was established in India in the year 1993-94.
It was created by the Government of India through NABARD to finance rural infrastructure projects.
Therefore, the correct year is 1993-94.
Final answer: Option 1

RRB JE CBT-1 2025-26 – 20 February 2026 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q32. Which of the following statements regarding the Namo Drone Didi scheme is/are correct?
1. It is a Central Sector Scheme for providing drones to Women Self Help Groups for the period from 2024-25 to 2025-26 with an outlay of ₹1,261 crore.
2. The scheme aims to provide drones to 15,000 selected Women Self Help Groups for providing rental services to farmers for agriculture purposes.
3. Under the scheme, Women Self Help Groups receive substantial financial assistance, covering 80% of the drone and accessory costs, up to ₹8 lakh.

(a) Only 2 and 3
(b) Only 3
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) Only 1 and 2

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 1, 2 and 3

The Namo Drone Didi scheme is a Central Sector Scheme running from 2024-25 to 2025-26.
It has an outlay of ₹1,261 crore to provide drones to Women Self Help Groups (WSHGs).
The scheme targets 15,000 selected WSHGs to offer drone rental services for agriculture.
It provides up to 80% financial assistance on drone and accessory costs, capped at ₹8 lakh.
All three statements match the official details of the Namo Drone Didi scheme.
Hence, statements 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
Final answer: Option 3

RRB JE CBT-1 2025-26 – 19 February 2026 Shift 1 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q33. Sonora-64 and Lerma Rojo are high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of which crop introduced during the Green Revolution in India?

(a) Maize
(b) Rice
(c) Wheat
(d) Barley

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Wheat

Solution:
Sonora-64andLerma Rojoarehigh-yielding varieties (HYVs) of wheat.
These varieties were introduced in India during theGreen Revolutionto increase wheat production.
Maize, rice, and barley had different HYVs, but these two specifically refer to wheat.
Answer:Wheat

SSC MTS 2025 – 17 February 2026 Shift 3 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q34. In the first phase of green revolution (mid 1960s to mid 1970s ), where was the use of high yielding variety seeds primarily restricted?
I. Punjab
II. Andhra Pradesh

(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Both I and II

In the first phase of the Green Revolution (mid-1960s to mid-1970s), the use of HYV (High Yielding Variety) seeds was primarily restricted to both Punjab (wheat) and Andhra Pradesh (rice). These two states were the initial focus areas for the adoption of new agricultural technology. 'Only I' and 'Only II' are incomplete; 'Neither' is incorrect.

SSC MTS 2025 – 5 February 2026 Shift 3 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q35. What is the approximate time period of second phase of the green revolution in India?

(a) mid-1970s to mid-1980s
(b) mid-1980s to mid-1990s
(c) mid-1970s to mid-1990s
(d) mid-1950s to mid-1960s

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) mid-1970s to mid-1980s

Correct Answer: mid-1970s to mid-1980s
The Green Revolution in India had two main phases:
First Phase: mid-1960s to mid-1970s - Focused on wheat in Punjab, Haryana, and western UP using HYV seeds, fertilisers and irrigation.
Second Phase: mid-1970s to mid-1980s - Extended to rice and other crops, spread to more states like AP, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra.
Why other options are wrong:
mid-1980s to mid-1990s - This was a post-Green Revolution period.
mid-1970s to mid-1990s - Too broad; does not precisely describe the second phase.
mid-1950s to mid-1960s - This predates the Green Revolution.

Delhi Police Head Constable (Ministerial) 2025-26 – 10 January 2026 Shift 2 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q36. Which central Indian scheme provides direct income support to small and marginal farmers as of July 2025?

(a) PM KISAN
(b) MGNREGA
(c) PMAY-G
(d) Fasal Bima Yojana

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) PM KISAN

PM KISAN is correct. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN), launched in February 2019, provides direct income support of ₹6,000 per year (in three instalments of ₹2,000) to small and marginal farmers across India through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).
• MGNREGA: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act provides 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to rural households; it is an employment scheme, not direct income support to farmers.
• PMAY-G: Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana (Gramin) provides financial assistance for rural housing construction; it is a housing scheme, not farmer income support.
• Fasal Bima Yojana: Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana provides crop insurance to farmers against natural calamities; it is an insurance scheme, not direct income support.

Delhi Police Head Constable (Ministerial) 2025-26 – 8 January 2026 Shift 3 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q37. The 'Green Revolution' in India, initiated in the mid-1960s,
primarily aimed to increase the production of which crops?

(a) Cash crops like cotton and sugarcane
(b) Pulses and oilseeds to improve nutritional security
(c) Wheat and rice, through High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds
(d) Fruits and vegetables for horticulture development

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Wheat and rice, through High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds

Correct Answer: Option 3 – Wheat and rice, through High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds
The Green Revolution in India (mid-1960s to 1970s) was primarily focused on increasing the production of wheat and rice through the introduction of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds developed by Norman Borlaug and Indian scientists. Key features:
• HYV seeds for wheat (Lerma Rojo, Sonora 64) and rice (IR-8 'Miracle Rice')
• Increased use of chemical fertilisers, pesticides, and irrigation
• Agricultural mechanisation
• Punjab, Haryana, and western UP became the 'wheat bowl' of India
• M.S. Swaminathan was the key Indian scientist (called the 'Father of Green Revolution in India')
This led to India becoming self-sufficient in food grain production by the 1970s.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Cotton and sugarcane): The Green Revolution focused on food grains, not cash crops.
Option 2 (Pulses and oilseeds): These were largely left out of the Green Revolution's benefits — a major criticism of the policy.
Option 4 (Fruits and vegetables): Horticulture was not the focus of the Green Revolution.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 6 January 2026 Shift 2 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q38. In which Indian states was the 'Green Revolution' initially most successful?

(a) Punjab and Haryana
(b) Bihar and West Bengal
(c) Kerala and Tamil Nadu
(d) Gujarat and Maharashtra

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Punjab and Haryana

The correct answer is (a) Punjab and Haryana.
The Green Revolution (mid-1960s to late 1970s) was initially most successful in Punjab and Haryana. These states had flat, irrigated land, access to canal irrigation, enthusiastic farmers, and strong government support for High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, fertilizers, and mechanization. Punjab became India's 'breadbasket' with record wheat and rice production.
(b) Bihar and West Bengal: Largely missed the initial Green Revolution benefits due to poor irrigation infrastructure and land fragmentation.
(c) Kerala and Tamil Nadu: Kerala has diverse agriculture; Tamil Nadu had some Green Revolution impact later; not the primary states of the initial Green Revolution.
(d) Gujarat and Maharashtra: Had some benefits in irrigated areas; but the Green Revolution's initial and most dramatic success was in Punjab and Haryana.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 6 January 2026 Shift 2 · Land reforms

Q39. What was the main objective of 'Land Reforms' in India after independence?

(a) To promote large corporate farms
(b) To abolish intermediaries (like Zamindars) and give land to the tiller
(c) To sell land to foreign investors
(d) To use all land for industrial use

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) To abolish intermediaries (like Zamindars) and give land to the tiller

The correct answer is (b) To abolish intermediaries (like Zamindars) and give land to the tiller.
The primary objective of Land Reforms in post-independence India was the abolition of the zamindari and other intermediary systems, and redistributing land to actual cultivators ('land to the tiller' principle). Key measures included: Zamindari Abolition Acts (early 1950s), Land Ceiling Acts (limiting maximum landholding), tenancy reforms (protecting tenant rights), and consolidation of landholdings.
(a) To promote large corporate farms: The opposite was intended — land reforms aimed to distribute land to small farmers, not concentrate it in corporate hands.
(c) To sell land to foreign investors: Land reforms were directed at domestic redistribution to cultivators; selling to foreign investors was never the objective.
(d) To use all land for industrial use: Land reforms were focused on agricultural land redistribution for farming purposes, not industrial conversion.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 5 January 2026 Shift 1 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q40. The 'Yellow Revolution' is associated with an increase in the production of which commodity?

(a) Turmeric
(b) Gold
(c) Pulses
(d) Oil seeds

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Oil seeds

The correct answer is (d) Oil seeds.
The Yellow Revolution (1986-1990) refers to India's increase in oilseed production under the Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO). India significantly boosted production of groundnut, mustard, soybean, and sunflower during this period to reduce import dependence.
(a) Turmeric: Yellow in color but not associated with the 'Yellow Revolution' in India.
(b) Gold: Not an agricultural commodity; not associated with any agricultural revolution.
(c) Pulses: The White Revolution is for milk; Pink Revolution for meat; pulses production increase is not the 'Yellow Revolution.'

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 5 January 2026 Shift 2 · Agricultural policies and missions

Q41. In February 2025, the Government approved the implementation of the transportation component of the Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) for which crop?

(a) Onion
(b) Potato
(c) Tomato
(d) Garlic

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Tomato

The correct answer is (c) Tomato.
In February 2025, the Government of India approved the implementation of the transportation component of the Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) for Tomato. MIS is implemented for perishable horticultural commodities when there is a glut in production and prices fall below production cost. The transportation component helps move surplus tomatoes from producing regions to deficit areas.
(a) Onion: While onion frequently faces price volatility and government intervention, this specific February 2025 MIS transportation approval was for tomato.
(b) Potato: Not the crop for this specific MIS approval in February 2025.
(d) Garlic: Not the crop for this specific MIS approval in February 2025.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 5 January 2026 Shift 2 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q42. Who is popularly known as the 'Father of the Green Revolution' in India?

(a) Verghese Kurien
(b) M.S. Swaminathan
(c) P.C. Mahalanobis
(d) Homi Bhabha

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) M.S. Swaminathan

The correct answer is (b) M.S. Swaminathan.
Dr. M.S. Swaminathan (1925-2023) is widely known as the 'Father of the Green Revolution in India.' He played a pivotal role in India's Green Revolution of the 1960s by introducing high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds of wheat and rice, transforming India from a food-deficient country to a food-surplus nation. He received the World Food Prize, Padma Vibhushan, and the Ramon Magsaysay Award.
(a) Verghese Kurien: Known as the 'Father of the White Revolution' (Operation Flood / milk revolution); not the Green Revolution.
(c) P.C. Mahalanobis : Founder of ISI (Indian Statistical Institute) and key architect of India's Five-Year Plans; not associated with the Green Revolution.
(d) Homi Bhabha: Father of India's nuclear programme ; not associated with the Green Revolution.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 4 January 2026 Shift 2 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q43. Under the PM-KISAN scheme, financial assistance is transferred to farmers through:

(a) Post office savings accounts
(b) State government treasury
(c) Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) to bank accounts
(d) Cooperative societies

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) to bank accounts

Under PM-KISAN (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi), ₹6,000 per year is transferred directly to eligible farmers' bank accounts in three equal instalments of ₹2,000, through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).
(a) Incorrect: Post office savings are not the mode of transfer for PM-KISAN.
(b) Incorrect: The funds bypass state governments and go directly to farmers' accounts.
(d) Incorrect: Cooperative societies are not involved in the PM-KISAN transfer mechanism.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 4 January 2026 Shift 2 · Land reforms

Q44. The primary objective of the Land Ceiling Act in India is to:

(a) Increase agricultural productivity
(b) Redistribute surplus land to the landless
(c) Promote commercial farming
(d) Reduce land fragmentation

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Redistribute surplus land to the landless

The Land Ceiling Act sets a maximum limit on how much agricultural land an individual or family can own. Surplus land beyond this ceiling is acquired by the government and redistributed to landless labourers and small farmers.
(a) Incorrect: Increasing agricultural productivity is a broader goal; the Land Ceiling Act specifically targets redistribution of land.
(c) Incorrect: Promoting commercial farming is not a stated objective of the Land Ceiling Act.
(d) Incorrect: Reducing land fragmentation is addressed through land consolidation laws, not the Land Ceiling Act.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 3 January 2026 Shift 2 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q45. The 'PM-PRANAM' scheme, approved in 2023, is related to promoting what?

(a) Clean energy
(b) Alternative fertilizers and reducing chemical fertilizer use
(c) Organic farming
(d) Water conservation

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Alternative fertilizers and reducing chemical fertilizer use

PM-PRANAM (Prime Minister's Programme for Restoration, Awareness, Nourishment and Amelioration of Mother Earth), approved in 2023, aims to promote alternative fertilizers (organic, nano, bio-fertilizers) and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers, thereby reducing the government's fertilizer subsidy burden and protecting soil health.
(a) Incorrect: Clean energy promotion falls under different schemes like PM KUSUM; PM-PRANAM is specifically about fertilizer use reduction.
(b) Incorrect: Organic farming per se is a broader concept; PM-PRANAM focuses specifically on promoting alternative fertilizers to reduce chemical fertilizer use.
(c) Incorrect: Water conservation is addressed by schemes like Jal Jeevan Mission and Atal Bhujal Yojana; PM-PRANAM is about fertilizer management.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 3 January 2026 Shift 2 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q46. The 'White Revolution' in India is linked to the increased production of which commodity?

(a) Cotton production
(b) Milk and dairy production
(c) Water conservation
(d) Peace

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Milk and dairy production

The White Revolution (Operation Flood), launched in 1970 under Dr. Verghese Kurien through NDDB (National Dairy Development Board), transformed India into the world's largest milk producer. It established the cooperative dairy model and the Amul brand as cornerstones of India's dairy industry.
(a) Incorrect: Cotton production is not associated with the White Revolution; increased cotton production relates to the agricultural/textile sector reforms.
(b) Incorrect: Water conservation is the focus of programmes like Atal Bhujal Yojana and Jal Shakti Abhiyan, not the White Revolution.
(c) Incorrect: 'Peace' has no connection to the White Revolution; the term refers specifically to the milk and dairy revolution in India.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 3 January 2026 Shift 2 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q47. Who is popularly known as the 'Father of the White Revolution' in India?

(a) M.S. Swaminathan
(b) Verghese Kurien
(c) Sam Pitroda
(d) JRD Tata

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Verghese Kurien

Dr. Verghese Kurien is popularly known as the 'Father of the White Revolution' (or 'Milkman of India'). He founded the Amul cooperative dairy movement, transformed India into the world's largest milk producer through Operation Flood (1970), and built the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).
(a) Incorrect: M.S. Swaminathan is known as the 'Father of Green Revolution' in India (for his work on high-yield wheat varieties), not the White Revolution.
(b) Incorrect: Sam Pitroda is known as the 'Father of India's Telecom Revolution' for modernising India's telecommunications infrastructure in the 1980s.
(c) Incorrect: JRD Tata was a pioneering industrialist who founded Air India; he is not associated with the White Revolution.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 3 January 2026 Shift 2 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q48. The 'White Revolution' in India is most closely associated with which dairy cooperative or brand?

(a) Tata
(b) Reliance
(c) Amul
(d) Parle

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Amul

Amul (Anand Milk Union Limited), managed by the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF), is most closely associated with India's White Revolution. Founded in 1946 by Tribhuvandas Patel under Dr. Verghese Kurien's guidance, Amul became the symbol and engine of India's dairy cooperative movement.
(a) Incorrect: Tata is a major conglomerate operating in steel, automobiles, IT, etc.; it is not associated with India's White Revolution or dairy cooperatives.
(b) Incorrect: Reliance is a major conglomerate in energy, telecom, and retail; it is not associated with the White Revolution or dairy cooperatives.
(c) Incorrect: Parle is known for biscuits and confectionery (Parle-G); it is not a dairy cooperative and is not associated with India's White Revolution.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 3 January 2026 Shift 3 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q49. The 'Blue Revolution' is associated with an increase in the production of which commodity?

(a) Fish and Marine products
(b) Cotton
(c) Jute
(d) Indigo

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Fish and Marine products

The Blue Revolution in India refers to the rapid increase in fish and aquatic product production through modern fisheries development. It aims to double fish production, enhance fishermen's incomes, and boost exports.
(a) Incorrect: Cotton production is associated with specific agricultural schemes but not the Blue Revolution.
(b) Incorrect: Jute production growth is called the 'Golden Fibre Revolution', not the Blue Revolution.
(c) Incorrect: Indigo cultivation was a British colonial-era cash crop system, unrelated to the Blue Revolution.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 2 January 2026 Shift 3 · Agricultural credit and institutions (NABARD, KCC)

Q50. Which apex institution was established in 1982 to specifically look after 'rural credit' and agriculture?

(a) SEBI
(b) SIDBI
(c) NABARD
(d) EXIM Bank

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) NABARD

NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) was established on 12 July 1982, on the recommendation of the B. Sivaraman Committee, to provide credit and development support for agriculture and rural India. It is the apex development bank for rural credit.
(a) Incorrect: SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) regulates capital markets, not rural credit or agriculture.
(b) Incorrect: SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India) was established in 1990 to support micro, small, and medium enterprises, not rural credit.
(c) Incorrect: EXIM Bank was established in 1982 to finance India's international trade and investment, not rural credit.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 30 December 2025 Shift 2 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q51. What is the 'Blue Revolution' in India associated with?

(a) Milk production
(b) Egg production
(c) Fish and aquaculture production
(d) Oilseed production

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Fish and aquaculture production

The Blue Revolution (Neel Kranti) in India refers to initiatives to increase fish production and aquaculture development. It aims to double fish production and increase fishermen's incomes through sustainable practices.
(a) Incorrect: Milk production is associated with the White Revolution (Operation Flood).
(b) Incorrect: Egg production falls under poultry development, not the Blue Revolution.
(d) Incorrect: Oilseed production is associated with the Yellow Revolution.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 23 December 2025 Shift 1 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q52. Which of the following was a major outcome of the Green Revolution in India during the 1960s?

(a) Increase in agricultural productivity
(b) Decrease in industrial output
(c) Increase in import dependency
(d) Decline in population growth

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Increase in agricultural productivity

The correct answer is Increase in agricultural productivity (Option 1).
The Green Revolution (1960s–70s) introduced high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation techniques, leading to a dramatic increase in agricultural productivity, particularly for wheat and rice. India achieved food self-sufficiency.
Option 2 - Decrease in industrial output: The Green Revolution specifically targeted agriculture, not industry, and did not cause industrial decline.
Option 3 - Increase in import dependency: The Green Revolution actually reduced India's dependence on food imports by boosting domestic production.
Option 4 - Decline in population growth: Population growth is driven by birth/death rates, not agricultural revolutions. India's population continued to grow during this period.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 22 December 2025 Shift 1 · Public Distribution System and FCI

Q53. The One Nation One Ration Card scheme aims to benefit which group the most?

(a) Retired government employees
(b) Urban businessmen
(c) Migrant workers
(d) Foreign tourists

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Migrant workers

The One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) scheme, implemented from 2019 onwards, aims to benefit migrant workers most by allowing them to access their entitled subsidized food grains from any Fair Price Shop (PDS outlet) anywhere in India, using their existing ration card and Aadhaar number — removing the location-based restriction. Option 3 is correct.
Option 1 is wrong: Retired government employees receive pension and other benefits from their respective departments; they are not the primary target group for the ONORC scheme, which targets food-insecure migrant populations.
Option 2 is wrong: Urban businessmen are typically not beneficiaries of the Public Distribution System (PDS); the ONORC scheme targets economically vulnerable migrant workers who rely on subsidized food grains.
Option 4 is wrong: Foreign tourists are not eligible for PDS benefits in India; the ONORC scheme is exclusively for Indian citizens with ration cards, particularly internal migrant workers.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 19 December 2025 Shift 2 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q54. Why was the Operation Flood program launched in 1970 by the Indian Government?

(a) Increase milk production
(b) Promote irrigation infrastructure
(c) Improve rural employment
(d) Expand agricultural exports

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Increase milk production

Operation Flood (1970–1996), launched by the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) under Dr. Verghese Kurien (the 'Father of the White Revolution'), was launched to increase milk production, augment rural incomes, and provide affordable dairy products to consumers across India. It created a national milk grid linking millions of rural dairy farmers to urban consumers. Operation Flood made India the world's largest producer of milk and is called the 'White Revolution.'
Option 2 is incorrect: Operation Flood was a dairy development programme , not an irrigation infrastructure scheme. Irrigation projects come under the Ministry of Jal Shakti/Agriculture.
Option 3 is incorrect: While Operation Flood did improve rural incomes (as a side benefit for dairy farmers), its primary objective was milk production — not a general rural employment programme .
Option 4 is incorrect: Operation Flood was aimed at domestic milk production for Indian consumers, not agricultural export expansion.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 19 December 2025 Shift 2 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q55. The Green Revolution mainly benefited:

(a) Industrial towns
(b) Wheat-growing regions of Punjab, Haryana, and Western UP
(c) Coastal regions
(d) Rice-growing regions in Kerala

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Wheat-growing regions of Punjab, Haryana, and Western UP

The Green Revolution in India (1960s–1970s), led by M.S. Swaminathan in collaboration with Norman Borlaug, primarily benefited the wheat-growing regions of Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh. High-yielding variety (HYV) wheat seeds, irrigation infrastructure, fertilizers, and pesticides dramatically increased wheat production in these regions. Punjab became India's 'granary' as a result. The rice revolution followed later, and was less geographically concentrated.
Option 1 is incorrect: The Green Revolution was a rural agricultural phenomenon; industrial towns do not grow wheat or rice and were not the primary beneficiaries.
Option 3 is incorrect: Coastal regions typically grow rice and fish; they did not primarily benefit from the Green Revolution's wheat revolution.
Option 4 is incorrect: Kerala's agricultural economy is dominated by spices, rubber, coconut, and fish; it was not a major beneficiary of the HYV wheat Green Revolution.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 18 December 2025 Shift 1 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q56. How is the financial assistance under the PM-KISAN Scheme transferred to farmers?

(a) Through cash payments
(b) Through cheques
(c) Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) to bank accounts
(d) Through post office savings

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) to bank accounts

Under PM-KISAN (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi), financial assistance of Rs. 6,000 per year is transferred in three equal instalments of Rs. 2,000 directly to the bank accounts of eligible farmer families through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT). This ensures transparency and eliminates intermediaries.
Option (a) is incorrect: PM-KISAN does not involve physical cash distribution. DBT is used instead.
Option (b) is incorrect: Cheques are not used under PM-KISAN. The scheme uses electronic bank transfers.
Option (d) is incorrect: Post office savings accounts are not the designated channel for PM-KISAN transfers; regular bank accounts are used.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 12 December 2025 Shift 1 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q57. Under the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) system in fertilizers, which of the following statements accurately reflects the actual implementation mechanism?

(a) States get direct benefit
(b) Farmers pay post-usage
(c) Real-time subsidy to farmer
(d) Subsidy is paid to companies post-sale

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Subsidy is paid to companies post-sale

Correct Answer: Subsidy is paid to companies post-sale (Option 4)
Under the DBT system for fertilizers (launched in 2018), the subsidy is NOT transferred directly to farmers' bank accounts. Instead, the mechanism works as follows: Fertilizer companies sell fertilizers to farmers at subsidized (MRP-capped) prices. The point-of-sale machine at the retailer captures the farmer's Aadhaar/ePoS details. After the sale, the government directly reimburses the fertilizer company the subsidy amount.
So the subsidy goes to companies after the sale (post-sale) — farmers still buy at the subsidized MRP without receiving cash directly.
States do not get direct benefit (Option 1) — the system bypasses states.
Farmers do not pay post-usage (Option 2) — they pay at the point of purchase.
Real-time subsidy to farmers (Option 3) is incorrect — no cash is transferred to farmers.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 11 December 2025 Shift 1 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q58. Consider the following statements regarding the Urea Subsidy Scheme:
Statement 1: Urea is sold to farmers at a fixed Maximum Retail Price (MRP).
Statement 2: The subsidy is directly transferred to the bank accounts of farmers.
Which of the above is/are correct?

(a) Only Statement 1 is correct
(b) Only Statement 2 is correct
(c) Both 1 and 2 are correct
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 is correct

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Only Statement 1 is correct

Correct Answer: Only Statement 1 is correct (Option 1)
Statement 1 is CORRECT: Urea is the only fertilizer in India sold at a government-controlled fixed Maximum Retail Price (MRP). Currently, the MRP for urea is ₹242 per 45 kg bag (plus applicable taxes), regardless of actual production costs.
Statement 2 is INCORRECT: The urea subsidy is NOT directly transferred to farmers' bank accounts. Instead, the subsidy is given to the urea manufacturers (fertilizer companies) by the government, who then sell urea to farmers at the fixed MRP. This is unlike Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) schemes where money goes directly to beneficiaries.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 11 December 2025 Shift 1 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q59. What is the primary focus of the National Mission on Edible Oils–Oil Palm (NMEO–OP)?

(a) Enhancing oilseed storage capacity
(b) Promoting cultivation of a tropical oil-rich crop
(c) Diversifying inland fisheries production
(d) Supporting aromatic plant-based biofuels

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Promoting cultivation of a tropical oil-rich crop

Correct Answer: Promoting cultivation of a tropical oil-rich crop (Option 2)
The National Mission on Edible Oils–Oil Palm (NMEO-OP) was launched in 2021 to significantly increase domestic production of palm oil in India. Oil palm is a tropical oil-rich crop. India imports about 55–60% of its edible oil needs, with palm oil being the largest component. NMEO-OP aims to expand oil palm cultivation in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, the northeastern states, and other suitable areas to reduce import dependency.
Enhancing storage capacity is not the mission's primary objective.
Fisheries production is unrelated to edible oil.
Aromatic plant biofuels are not related to the edible oil mission.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 11 December 2025 Shift 2 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q60. Which scheme provides insurance to farmers against crop failure?

(a) RKVY (Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana)
(b) PMFBY (Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana)
(c) SMAM (Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization)
(d) AIF (Agriculture Infrastructure Fund)

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) PMFBY (Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana)

Correct Answer: PMFBY – Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (Option 2)
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), launched in 2016, is India's flagship crop insurance scheme. It provides financial support to farmers suffering crop losses due to natural calamities (floods, drought, pest attacks). Farmers pay a low premium (2% for Kharif, 1.5% for Rabi), and the government subsidizes the balance.
RKVY (Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana) is a scheme for agricultural development and investment — not crop insurance.
SMAM focuses on farm mechanization (tractors, implements) — not insurance.
AIF (Agriculture Infrastructure Fund) provides financing for post-harvest infrastructure like cold storage and warehouses — not crop insurance.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 10 December 2025 Shift 1 · Agricultural marketing (APMC, e-NAM)

Q61. e-NAM is primarily aimed at which of the following?

(a) Farm insurance
(b) Online crop procurement
(c) National digital market
(d) Agro -export facilitation

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) National digital market

Correct Answer: National digital market
e-NAM (Electronic National Agriculture Market) is an online trading platform launched in 2016 by the Government of India under the Ministry of Agriculture. It creates a unified national digital market for agricultural commodities, connecting farmers, traders, and buyers across mandis (APMC markets) to enable better price discovery.
Option 1 (Farm insurance): Incorrect. Farm insurance is covered under PM Fasal Bima Yojana.
Option 2 (Online crop procurement): Incorrect. Procurement is done under MSP schemes separately.
Option 4 ( Agro -export): Incorrect. This is handled by APEDA.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 10 December 2025 Shift 1 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q62. Consider the following statements about Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) scheme:
(1) The NBS scheme provides fixed per-kg subsidy rates for N, P, K, and S in non-urea fertilizers.
(2) Freight assistance is also provided.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

Correct Answer: Both 1 and 2
Statement 1: CORRECT. The NBS scheme (launched 2010) provides a fixed per-kg subsidy for non-urea fertilizers based on their nutrient content of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), and Sulphur (S). Manufacturers get subsidies based on actual nutrient content.
Statement 2: CORRECT. Freight assistance is also provided under the NBS scheme to ensure availability of fertilizers across the country, including remote areas.
Both statements are correct.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 10 December 2025 Shift 1 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q63. Read the following Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): The Green Revolution led to regional imbalances in agricultural growth.
Reason (R): HYV technology and irrigation facilities were initially available only in select states.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Correct Answer: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
The Green Revolution (1960s–70s) did create regional imbalances — it benefited mainly Punjab, Haryana, and western UP, while other states lagged behind. R correctly explains this: High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, irrigation, and modern inputs were initially concentrated in select states with better infrastructure. This uneven distribution is why R is the correct explanation of A.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 10 December 2025 Shift 2 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q64. SHC scheme is implemented by which ministry?

(a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change ( MoEFCC )
(b) Ministry of Jal Shakti
(c) Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare ( MoA&FW )
(d) Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation ( MoSPI )

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare ( MoA&FW )

Correct Answer: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare ( MoA&FW )
The Soil Health Card (SHC) scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Launched in 2015, the scheme provides farmers with a Soil Health Card every two years showing the nutrient status of their soil and recommendations for fertilizer use to improve crop productivity.
Option 1 ( MoEFCC ): Incorrect. Deals with environment and forests.
Option 2 (Jal Shakti): Incorrect. Deals with water resources and sanitation.
Option 4 ( MoSPI ): Incorrect. Deals with statistics and programme monitoring.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 9 December 2025 Shift 1 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q65. Who are the main beneficiaries of the PM-Kisan Maandhan Yojana?

(a) Fishermen
(b) Women SHGs
(c) Marginal farmers
(d) Retired civil servants

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Marginal farmers

PM Kisan Maandhan Yojana is a voluntary, contributory pension scheme for small and marginal farmers.
Eligibility: Farmers between 18–40 years of age with landholding up to 2 hectares.
Benefit: A monthly pension of ₹3,000 is guaranteed after the age of 60.
Both the farmer and the Government of India contribute equally to the Pension Fund (contribution ranges from ₹55 to ₹200 per month based on age).
Fishermen: Covered under PM Matsya Sampada Yojana and Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana.
Women SHGs: Covered under NRLM (National Rural Livelihood Mission).
Retired civil servants: Covered under NPS (National Pension System) or OPS (Old Pension Scheme).

SSC Stenographer 2025 – 8 December 2025 Shift 1 · Land reforms

Q66. Consider the land reforms implemented in India between 1947 and 1990. What was one of the main objectives of these reforms?

(a) To promote the cultivation of cash crops for export.
(b) To consolidate large landholdings in the hands of a few individuals.
(c) To encourage the widespread adoption of mechanized farming techniques.
(d) To reduce the concentration of land ownership and protect the interests of small farmers.

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) To reduce the concentration of land ownership and protect the interests of small farmers.

After independence, India faced inequality in land distribution where a small number of landlords controlled vast areas. Between 1947 and 1990, reforms such as abolition of zamindari, land ceiling acts, tenancy reforms, and distribution of surplus land were carried out. The main goal was to reduce land concentration and ensure fair distribution so that small and marginal farmers were protected. These reforms promoted equity, social justice, and agricultural productivity .

SSC Stenographer 2025 – 8 December 2025 Shift 3 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q67. Which of the following schemes provides annual income support to farmers directly into their bank accounts?

(a) PM Fasal Bima Yojana
(b) PM-KISAN
(c) MGNREGA
(d) PM Jan Dhan Yojana

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) PM-KISAN

The correct answer is Option 2: PM-KISAN . The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) scheme was launched in 2019 to provide direct income support to farmers across India. Under this scheme, eligible farmers receive ₹6,000 per year in three equal instalments of ₹2,000, directly credited to their bank accounts through DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer). The scheme aims to provide assured income support to help farmers meet their agricultural and household needs. Unlike PM Fasal Bima Yojana which provides crop insurance, or MGNREGA which guarantees employment, PM-KISAN focuses specifically on direct income transfer. This initiative has become one of the largest DBT schemes globally, ensuring financial inclusion and stability for millions of small and marginal farmers.

SSC Stenographer 2025 – 6 December 2025 Shift 1 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q68. What was the role of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) in the Technology Mission on Oilseeds?

(a) To regulate trade policies
(b) To manage oilseed procurement and processing
(c) To develop genetically modified crops
(d) To promote milk production

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) To manage oilseed procurement and processing

The correct answer is To manage oilseed procurement and processing . Under the Technology Mission on Oilseeds launched in 1986, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was entrusted with the responsibility of procurement, processing, and marketing of oilseeds and their products. This was part of the larger effort to achieve self-sufficiency in edible oils and reduce dependence on imports. The NDDB played a crucial role by implementing cooperative structures, ensuring fair prices for farmers, and modernizing oilseed processing units. Options like trade regulation and milk promotion were not part of this mission, while genetically modified crops were not in focus during that period.

SSC Stenographer 2025 – 6 December 2025 Shift 2 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q69. Which Indian state was the first to benefit from the Green Revolution?

(a) Rajasthan
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Haryana
(d) Punjab

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Punjab

The state of Punjab was the first to benefit from the Green Revolution in the mid-1960s. The introduction of high-yield variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and advanced irrigation methods significantly boosted agricultural productivity. Punjab, with its fertile soil and well-developed irrigation facilities, quickly became the "food bowl of India." The Green Revolution helped India achieve self-sufficiency in food grains, especially wheat and rice.

SSC Stenographer 2025 – 6 December 2025 Shift 2 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q70. Which government body was responsible for implementing the Technology Mission on Oilseeds?

(a) Ministry of Commerce
(b) Ministry of Education
(c) Ministry of Agriculture
(d) Ministry of Defense

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Ministry of Agriculture

The Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO) was launched in 1986 to reduce India’s heavy dependence on edible oil imports and to boost domestic oilseed production. The responsibility of implementing this mission was given to the Ministry of Agriculture , as oilseed farming is directly linked to agricultural practices. The mission aimed to improve productivity through better seeds, modern farming techniques, irrigation facilities, and price support for farmers. Later, this mission played a crucial role in making India almost self-sufficient in oilseed production by the 1990s.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 27 November 2025 Shift 2 · Land reforms

Q71. What was the aim behind abolition of intermediaries in land reforms in India?

(a) To increase the power of zamindars.
(b) To eliminate government control over agriculture.
(c) To establish a direct relationship between tenants and the government.
(d) To encourage landlords to acquire more lands.

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) To establish a direct relationship between tenants and the government.

Correct Answer: To establish a direct relationship between tenants and the government. (Option 3)
The abolition of intermediaries (zamindars and other middlemen) in India's post-independence land reforms aimed to establish a direct relationship between cultivating tenants and the government. This eliminated the exploitative zamindar system, allowed actual tillers to own the land they cultivated, and ensured that land revenue was paid directly to the government without middlemen taking a share.
Why others are wrong:
Option 1 - To increase the power of zamindars: This is the opposite of what abolition of intermediaries intended; the goal was to reduce and eliminate zamindari power.
Option 2 - To eliminate government control: The aim was to strengthen government-cultivator links, not eliminate government control.
Option 4 - To encourage landlords to acquire more lands: This contradicts the goal of land redistribution and tenancy reforms.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 26 November 2025 Shift 2 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q72. In India, the operation flood was launched in _____.

(a) 1950
(b) 1957
(c) 1970
(d) 1991

Answer & solution

Operation Flood was launched in India in 1970 by the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) under the leadership of Dr. Verghese Kurien. It was the world's largest dairy development programme , transforming India into the world's largest milk producer — a phenomenon called the 'White Revolution'.
Years 1950, 1957, and 1991 are incorrect. Hence, 1970 is correct.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 25 November 2025 Shift 1 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q73. The term "MOVCDNER" which is seen in news in October 2024 is related to which sector?

(a) Defence indigenous
(b) Agriculture
(c) E-vehicles
(d) Nuclear energy promotion

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Agriculture

MOVCDNER stands for Mission for Organic Value Chain Development for North East Region. It is a Central Sector Scheme under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare, focused on promoting organic farming and developing organic value chains in the North East Region of India.
It has no relation to defence, e-vehicles, or nuclear energy.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 21 November 2025 Shift 3 · Agricultural marketing (APMC, e-NAM)

Q74. The AGMARK is the certification mark for _____ in India.

(a) 1. Industrial products
(b) 2. Software products
(c) 3. Agriculture products
(d) 4. Financial products

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 3. Agriculture products

AGMARK (Agricultural Mark) is a certification mark used in India for agricultural and allied commodities. It is regulated by the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection (DMI) under the Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act, 1937. Products like spices, edible oils, cereals, and fruits carry the AGMARK certification. It is not applicable to industrial, software, or financial products.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 20 November 2025 Shift 2 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q75. Namo Drone Didi is a central sector scheme aiming to empower _____.

(a) women-led Self-Help Groups
(b) men-led Self-Help Groups
(c) corporate-led Self-Help Groups
(d) foreign companies' led Self-Help Groups

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) women-led Self-Help Groups

Correct Answer: women-led Self-Help Groups
Namo Drone Didi is a central sector scheme launched to empower women-led Self-Help Groups (SHGs) by providing them with agricultural drones. Under the scheme, drones are provided to women SHGs to offer drone services to farmers for crop assessment, fertiliser and pesticide spraying, and other agricultural activities. It aims to provide sustainable livelihoods to women SHG members and modernise agriculture.
Why other options are wrong:
- Men-led SHGs: The scheme specifically targets women SHGs.
- Corporate-led SHGs: Corporate entities are not the beneficiaries; rural women SHGs are.
- Foreign companies' SHGs: The scheme is for Indian rural women SHGs, not foreign companies.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 20 November 2025 Shift 2 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q76. The AMUL milk cooperative was set up in _____.

(a) 1946
(b) 1957
(c) 1979
(d) 1992

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 1946

Correct Answer: 1946 (Option 1)
AMUL (Anand Milk Union Limited) was set up in 1946 in Anand, Gujarat, under the leadership of Tribhuvandas Patel and with significant support from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. It was later transformed into a major cooperative under the guidance of Dr. Verghese Kurien, who is known as the Father of the White Revolution in India.
Why others are wrong:
Option 2 - 1957: AMUL was established over a decade earlier in 1946.
Option 3 - 1979: Incorrect year.
Option 4 - 1992: Incorrect year; AMUL celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1996.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 14 November 2025 Shift 1 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q77. The AMUL milk cooperative was established in which of the following state?

(a) Bihar
(b) Gujarat
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Kerala

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Gujarat

AMUL (Anand Milk Union Limited) is a dairy cooperative headquartered in Anand, Gujarat. It was established in 1946 under the leadership of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. Verghese Kurien, who spearheaded India's White Revolution (Operation Flood). AMUL pioneered the cooperative milk movement in India. Bihar, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala have their own dairy cooperatives but AMUL is specifically from Gujarat.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 14 November 2025 Shift 3 · Agricultural credit and institutions (NABARD, KCC)

Q78. The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was introduced in _____ for issue of Kisan Credit Cards to farmers on the basis of their holdings for uniform adoption by the banks.

(a) 1994
(b) 1996
(c) 1998
(d) 1995

Answer & solution

Correct Answer: 1998
The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was introduced in 1998 by the Government of India on the recommendation of the R.V. Gupta Committee. It was launched to provide short-term formal credit to farmers for their agricultural needs - including crop cultivation, post-harvest expenses, and allied activities. NABARD, RBI, and commercial banks implement the scheme.
Why other options are wrong:
- 1994: KCC was not introduced in 1994.
- 1996: The R.V. Gupta Committee recommendation came around this time, but the scheme started in 1998.
- 1995: Not the correct year of introduction.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 13 November 2025 Shift 3 · Land reforms

Q79. What was the main purpose of land reforms in India post-independence?

(a) To change in the ownership of landholdings
(b) To increase urbanisation
(c) To increase foreign direct investment in agriculture
(d) To sell all the landholdings to private companies for better compliance

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) To change in the ownership of landholdings

The primary objective of land reforms in post-independence India was to change the ownership of landholdings — to abolish the zamindari/ jagirdari system and transfer land to the actual tillers. Key measures included abolition of intermediaries, tenancy reforms, land ceiling acts, and distribution of surplus land to landless farmers. The other options — urbanisation , FDI in agriculture, or selling to private companies — were never the intent of land reforms.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 13 November 2025 Shift 1 · Land reforms

Q80. Land reforms introduced after the independence were successful in which of the following Indian state?
I. Kerala
II. West Bengal

(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Both I and II

Correct Answer: Both I and II
Land reforms were notably successful in both Kerala and West Bengal after Indian independence:
- Kerala: The Kerala Land Reforms Act (1963, amended 1969) effectively redistributed land to tenant farmers and abolished the feudal landlord system ( Jenmis ). It is considered one of the most successful land reform programmes in Asia.
- West Bengal: Under the Left Front government (Operation Barga, 1978), land reforms gave share-croppers ( bargadars ) legal protection and ensured they received 75% of crop produce. Patta distribution to landless poor was also implemented.
Both states are cited as success stories of post-independence land reform in India.

SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 14 October 2025 Shift 2 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q81. Consider the following statements regarding the 'Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)':
I. It provides comprehensive insurance coverage against crop losses due to non-preventable natural risks.
II. Enrollment in the scheme is mandatory for all farmers in India to ensure maximum coverage.
III. It aims to stabilize the income of farmers and encourage them to adopt innovative agricultural practices.
IV. The premium rates payable by farmers are uniform across all crops and all states.
Which of the above statements accurately describe the features of the PMFBY?

(a) I and III only
(b) II and IV only
(c) I and IV only
(d) II and III only

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) I and III only

Statement I: Correct — PMFBY covers crop losses from non-preventable natural risks.
Statement II: Incorrect — Enrollment is voluntary for non-loanee farmers (it was made voluntary from 2020).
Statement III: Correct — PMFBY aims to stabilize farmer income and promote modern agriculture.
Statement IV: Incorrect — Premium rates vary by crop and state.
Only I and III are correct.
Answer: Option 1 (I and III only)

SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 14 October 2025 Shift 2 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q82. PM-KISAN mobile app helps in:

(a) Soil testing
(b) Payment tracking
(c) Weather updates
(d) Fertilizer application

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Payment tracking

The PM-KISAN mobile app primarily helps farmers track payment status of the financial benefit under PM-KISAN scheme.
Soil testing is done through Soil Health Card scheme.
Weather updates are through separate apps (Meghdoot, Damini).
Fertilizer guidance is separate.
Answer: Option 2 (Payment tracking)

SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 22 September 2025 Shift 3 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q83. Which of the following statements about Verghese Kurien is correct?

(a) He initiated the White Revolution in India's IT sector.
(b) He pioneered Operation Flood to transform dairy farming.
(c) He invented the milk pasteurization method used in Amul.
(d) He was the first Chairman of the Indian Dairy Association.

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) He pioneered Operation Flood to transform dairy farming.

Dr. Verghese Kurien, the 'Father of the White Revolution', pioneered Operation Flood (1970) — the world's largest dairy development programme — which transformed India into the world's largest milk producer.

SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 21 September 2025 Shift 1 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q84. What led to regional disparity despite the overall success of the Green Revolution?

(a) Uneven price controls
(b) Unequal land ownership
(c) HYV seed access restricted to well-irrigated regions
(d) Neglect of fertilizers

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) HYV seed access restricted to well-irrigated regions

The Green Revolution's HYV (High-Yielding Variety) seeds required assured irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides. Hence, benefits were largely confined to well-irrigated regions like Punjab, Haryana, and Western UP, while rain-fed regions lagged behind, causing regional disparity.

SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 21 September 2025 Shift 3 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q85. Why were fertilizer subsidies a double-edged policy instrument during 1960-1990?

(a) They promoted global trade
(b) They reduced rural employment
(c) They supported productivity but often benefited richer farmers
(d) They discouraged use of HYV seeds

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) They supported productivity but often benefited richer farmers

During the Green Revolution period (1960-1990), fertiliser subsidies boosted agricultural productivity and food output — but the benefits flowed disproportionately to large/richer farmers who could afford HYV seeds, irrigation and inputs. This created regional and class inequalities, making the policy 'double-edged'.
They did not promote global trade, did not reduce rural employment, and they encouraged (not discouraged) HYV seeds.

SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 20 September 2025 Shift 1 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q86. The primary aim of the Soil Health Card Scheme is:

(a) Improve seed quality
(b) Promote organic farming
(c) Assess nutrient status
(d) Prevent land acquisition

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Assess nutrient status

- Launched in 2015, the Soil Health Card Scheme provides farmers a card with information about soil nutrient status.
- It recommends appropriate dosage of fertilizers to improve productivity.

SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 20 September 2025 Shift 3 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q87. Under the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maandhan Yojna (PM-KMY), how much monthly pension is provided to eligible small and marginal farmers after the age of 60?

(a) ₹1,000
(b) ₹2,000
(c) ₹3,000
(d) ₹5,000

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) ₹3,000

PM-KMY (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maandhan Yojana) is a pension scheme for small and marginal farmers.
Eligible farmers receive a minimum assured monthly pension of ₹3,000 after attaining the age of 60.
Hence, ₹3,000 is correct.

SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 16 September 2025 Shift 2 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q88. Which scheme promotes crop diversification through cluster-based planning?

(a) PM-AASHA
(b) RKVY (Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana)
(c) SMAM (Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization)
(d) AIF (Agriculture Infrastructure Fund)

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) RKVY (Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana)

• Agricultural Schemes:
• RKVY (Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana) promotes agricultural development including crop diversification through district/cluster-based planning approach.
• PM-AASHA: Price support and intervention for agricultural products
• SMAM: Agricultural mechanization
• AIF: Agricultural infrastructure creation
• Answer: RKVY

SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 15 September 2025 Shift 2 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q89. The slogan "Har Khet Ko Pani" belongs to:

(a) Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
(b) Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
(c) Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
(d) Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) has the slogan ‘Har Khet Ko Pani’, aiming to extend irrigation coverage and improve water-use efficiency.
The other yojanas focus on organic farming, crop insurance and agricultural growth respectively.

SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 14 September 2025 Shift 3 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q90. Which of these schemes is implemented to promote organic farming?

(a) PM-KMY (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maandhan Yojana)
(b) PKVY (Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana)
(c) SHC (Soil Health Card Scheme)
(d) ATMA (Agricultural Technology Management Agency)

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) PKVY (Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana)

PKVY — Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana — is specifically designed to promote organic farming in India.
It supports cluster-based organic farming and certification.
PM-KMY provides pension to small farmers.
SHC provides soil health cards to farmers — not specifically for organic farming.
ATMA is for agricultural extension — technology dissemination.
Answer: PKVY (Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana)

SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 13 September 2025 Shift 1 · Agricultural credit and institutions (NABARD, KCC)

Q91. The Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) provides support for?

(a) Free fertilizers
(b) Agri-logistics and cold chains
(c) Cash transfers
(d) MGNREGA work

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Agri-logistics and cold chains

The Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF), launched in 2020, is a medium-/long-term debt financing facility for investment in post-harvest management infrastructure and community farming assets.
Supported projects include cold storages, warehouses, pack-houses, grading and sorting units, primary processing units — i.e., agri-logistics and cold chains.
It does not give free fertilizers, cash transfers, or fund MGNREGA work.
Hence the correct option is Agri-logistics and cold chains.

SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 12 September 2025 Shift 1 · Public Distribution System and FCI

Q92. Read the below statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark the correct options:
Assertion (A): The One Nation One Ration Card ensures portability of food grains.
Reason (R): It uses Aadhaar-enabled biometric authentication.

(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

ONORC ensures portability of ration nationwide — A is true.
It uses Aadhaar-enabled biometric authentication for ePOS devices — R is true and explains how portability is technically possible.
Hence, both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 12 September 2025 Shift 2 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q93. What is the age range for farmers to enrol in the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maandhan Yojana (PM-KMY)?

(a) 18–30 years
(b) 18–40 years
(c) 21–45 years
(d) 25–50 years

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 18–40 years

The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maandhan Yojana (PM-KMY) is a voluntary, contributory pension scheme for small and marginal farmers.
The eligible age for enrolment is 18 to 40 years.
On attaining 60 years of age, the farmer becomes entitled to a minimum pension of Rs. 3,000 per month.
Hence the correct option is 18–40 years.

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 9 September 2025 Shift 1 · Land reforms

Q94. Unique Land Parcel Identiﬁcation Number (ULPIN), part of the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), is a unique identiﬁcation number of how many digits accorded based on the longitude and latitude coordinates of the land parcel?

(a) 14 digits
(b) 10 digits
(c) 16 digits
(d) 12 digits

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 14 digits

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 9 September 2025 Shift 1 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q95. Which of the following was NOT a feature of the Green Revolution in India?

(a) Expansion of agricultural land
(b) Increased use of fertilisers and irrigation
(c) Mechanisation of agriculture
(d) Use of high-yielding variety seeds

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Expansion of agricultural land

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 9 September 2025 Shift 3 · Rural development and rural credit

Q96. Which of the following factors has least contributed to rural distress in India?

(a) Declining productivity of rainfed agriculture
(b) Post-harvest infrastructure shortages
(c) High rural literacy levels
(d) Fragmentation of land holdings

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) High rural literacy levels

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 8 September 2025 Shift 3 · Land reforms

Q97. Which major reform was aimed at redistributing land to the landless after independence?

(a) Green Revolution
(b) Agricultural Export Policy
(c) Crop Insurance Scheme
(d) Land Ceiling Acts

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Land Ceiling Acts

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 4 September 2025 Shift 3 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q98. Who is regarded as the chief architect of India’s Green Revolution?

(a) MS Swaminathan
(b) Dr. Manmohan Singh
(c) Dr. Verghese Kurien
(d) PV Narasimha Rao

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) MS Swaminathan

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 3 September 2025 Shift 1 · Green Revolution and other agricultural revolutions

Q99. Technological innovation was key to the success of the Green Revolution. The success of HYV seeds in India was contingent on which critical input?

(a) Organic compost
(b) Forest cover
(c) Hand tools
(d) Chemical fertilisers

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Chemical fertilisers

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 1 September 2025 Shift 1 · Crop insurance and farmer schemes

Q100. During which of the following seasons was the National Agricultural Insurance Scheme launched to protect the farmers against crop losses suffered on account of natural calamities such as droughts, floods, hailstorms, cyclones, pests and diseases?

(a) Rabi 2005-2006
(b) Kharif 2001-2002
(c) Kharif 1998-1999
(d) Rabi 1999-2000

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Rabi 1999-2000

1 2

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Q1. Which renowned Indian scientist was conferred the title 'Father of India's Green Revolution' for introducing high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, transforming India from a food-deficient to a self-sufficient nation?

Q2. Which of the following statements most accurately captures a key reform introduced under the revamped Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) from Kharif 2020 onwards, particularly addressing issues of transparency and timely claim settlement?

Q3. Globalization has significantly impacted Indian agriculture. Which of the following is a negative consequence often associated with globalization's impact on Indian farmers?

Q4. In February 2026, NABARD released State Focus Papers primarily for planning which activity?

Q5. Which institution is primarily responsible for providing and regulating credit for the promotion of agriculture and rural development in India?

Q6. Government of India created the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) in NABARD in 1995-96, with an initial corpus of:

Q7. In which year was the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) launched?

Q8. All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey (NAFIS) is conducted by which organisation?

Q9. When was national Agriculture policy launched in India?

Q10. Which of the following is NOT an objective of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)?

Q11. Which of the following is the funding ratio shared by the Central and State Governments under the 'Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana' in the North-eastern and Himalayan States?

Q12. As of November 2024, what percentage of all PDSbeneficiaries in India have completed their e-KYC?

Q13. When was NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) established?

Q14. In India, the Green Revolution mainly refers to which of the following?

Q15. On which date did the Union Cabinet approve the continuation of fortified rice supply under PMGKAY until December 2028?

Q16. In India, during the Green Revolution, high-yielding variety seeds of _____ were used.

Q17. The National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) functions under which of the following ministries?

Q18. In which year was the National seeds policy launched?

Q19. During which of the following revolutions in India did planned investment in horticulture become highly productive, leading to the emergence of the sector as a sustainable livelihood option?

Q20. What was the initial corpus of the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) when it was established in 1995-96?

Q21. Food Corporation of India (FCI) was established in ___.

Q22. Who is known as the 'Father of White Revolution' in India?

Q23. Minimum Support Price (MSP) was introduced in:

Q24. Which of the following challenges is most prominent in Indian agriculture today?

Q25. Which of the following programmes aims to increase soil fertility and thereby helps in production of healthy food through organic practices without the use of agro-chemicals?

Q26. Which of the following statements best describes the role of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in India?

Q27. Under the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), what is the premium rate paid by farmers for annual commercial and horticultural crops?

Q28. What is rural development concerned with?

Q29. In the post-liberalization era, the agricultural marketing system remained inefficient due to which structural factor?

Q30. The Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) was launched in which year?

Q31. The Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) was established in India in which of the following years?

Q33. Sonora-64 and Lerma Rojo are high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of which crop introduced during the Green Revolution in India?

Q34. In the first phase of green revolution (mid 1960s to mid 1970s ), where was the use of high yielding variety seeds primarily restricted?I. PunjabII. Andhra Pradesh

Q35. What is the approximate time period of second phase of the green revolution in India?

Q36. Which central Indian scheme provides direct income support to small and marginal farmers as of July 2025?

Q37. The 'Green Revolution' in India, initiated in the mid-1960s,primarily aimed to increase the production of which crops?

Q38. In which Indian states was the 'Green Revolution' initially most successful?

Q39. What was the main objective of 'Land Reforms' in India after independence?

Q40. The 'Yellow Revolution' is associated with an increase in the production of which commodity?

Q41. In February 2025, the Government approved the implementation of the transportation component of the Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) for which crop?

Q42. Who is popularly known as the 'Father of the Green Revolution' in India?

Q43. Under the PM-KISAN scheme, financial assistance is transferred to farmers through:

Q44. The primary objective of the Land Ceiling Act in India is to:

Q45. The 'PM-PRANAM' scheme, approved in 2023, is related to promoting what?

Q46. The 'White Revolution' in India is linked to the increased production of which commodity?

Q47. Who is popularly known as the 'Father of the White Revolution' in India?

Q48. The 'White Revolution' in India is most closely associated with which dairy cooperative or brand?

Q49. The 'Blue Revolution' is associated with an increase in the production of which commodity?

Q50. Which apex institution was established in 1982 to specifically look after 'rural credit' and agriculture?

Q51. What is the 'Blue Revolution' in India associated with?

Q52. Which of the following was a major outcome of the Green Revolution in India during the 1960s?

Q53. The One Nation One Ration Card scheme aims to benefit which group the most?

Q54. Why was the Operation Flood program launched in 1970 by the Indian Government?

Q55. The Green Revolution mainly benefited:

Q56. How is the financial assistance under the PM-KISAN Scheme transferred to farmers?

Q57. Under the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) system in fertilizers, which of the following statements accurately reflects the actual implementation mechanism?

Q58. Consider the following statements regarding the Urea Subsidy Scheme:Statement 1: Urea is sold to farmers at a fixed Maximum Retail Price (MRP).Statement 2: The subsidy is directly transferred to the bank accounts of farmers.Which of the above is/are correct?

Q59. What is the primary focus of the National Mission on Edible Oils–Oil Palm (NMEO–OP)?

Q60. Which scheme provides insurance to farmers against crop failure?

Q61. e-NAM is primarily aimed at which of the following?

Q62. Consider the following statements about Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) scheme:(1) The NBS scheme provides fixed per-kg subsidy rates for N, P, K, and S in non-urea fertilizers.(2) Freight assistance is also provided.Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Q63. Read the following Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully and choose the correct option.Assertion (A): The Green Revolution led to regional imbalances in agricultural growth.Reason (R): HYV technology and irrigation facilities were initially available only in select states.

Q64. SHC scheme is implemented by which ministry?

Q65. Who are the main beneficiaries of the PM-Kisan Maandhan Yojana?

Q66. Consider the land reforms implemented in India between 1947 and 1990. What was one of the main objectives of these reforms?

Q67. Which of the following schemes provides annual income support to farmers directly into their bank accounts?

Q68. What was the role of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) in the Technology Mission on Oilseeds?

Q69. Which Indian state was the first to benefit from the Green Revolution?

Q70. Which government body was responsible for implementing the Technology Mission on Oilseeds?

Q71. What was the aim behind abolition of intermediaries in land reforms in India?

Q72. In India, the operation flood was launched in _____.

Q73. The term "MOVCDNER" which is seen in news in October 2024 is related to which sector?

Q74. The AGMARK is the certification mark for _____ in India.

Q75. Namo Drone Didi is a central sector scheme aiming to empower _____.

Q76. The AMUL milk cooperative was set up in _____.

Q77. The AMUL milk cooperative was established in which of the following state?

Q78. The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was introduced in _____ for issue of Kisan Credit Cards to farmers on the basis of their holdings for uniform adoption by the banks.

Q79. What was the main purpose of land reforms in India post-independence?

Q80. Land reforms introduced after the independence were successful in which of the following Indian state?I. KeralaII. West Bengal

Q82. PM-KISAN mobile app helps in:

Q12. As of November 2024, what percentage of all PDS
beneficiaries in India have completed their e-KYC?

Q34. In the first phase of green revolution (mid 1960s to mid 1970s ), where was the use of high yielding variety seeds primarily restricted?
I. Punjab
II. Andhra Pradesh

Q37. The 'Green Revolution' in India, initiated in the mid-1960s,
primarily aimed to increase the production of which crops?

Q58. Consider the following statements regarding the Urea Subsidy Scheme:
Statement 1: Urea is sold to farmers at a fixed Maximum Retail Price (MRP).
Statement 2: The subsidy is directly transferred to the bank accounts of farmers.
Which of the above is/are correct?

Q62. Consider the following statements about Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) scheme:
(1) The NBS scheme provides fixed per-kg subsidy rates for N, P, K, and S in non-urea fertilizers.
(2) Freight assistance is also provided.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Q63. Read the following Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): The Green Revolution led to regional imbalances in agricultural growth.
Reason (R): HYV technology and irrigation facilities were initially available only in select states.

Q80. Land reforms introduced after the independence were successful in which of the following Indian state?
I. Kerala
II. West Bengal

Q92. Read the below statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark the correct options:
Assertion (A): The One Nation One Ration Card ensures portability of food grains.
Reason (R): It uses Aadhaar-enabled biometric authentication.