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Vedic Period PYQs – Ancient History, SSC & Railway

66 Vedic Period (Ancient History) questions asked in recent SSC and Railway exams, newest first, with exam, date & shift, answers and solutions.

📚 66 questionsSSC 44 · Railway 22
SSC Stenographer 2026 – 12 September 2026 Shift 2 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q1. The Vedic period is mostly associated with:

  1. (a) Megalithic burials
  2. (b) Aryans and composition of the Vedas
  3. (c) Buddhist stupas
  4. (d) Roman trade
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Aryans and composition of the Vedas

Answer: Option 2 — Aryans and composition of the Vedas
The Vedic age (c. 1500–600 BCE) takes its name from the four Vedas, composed by the Indo-Aryan speaking people who settled first in the Sapta Sindhu (Punjab) and later spread into the Ganga plain.
Megalithic burials belong to the South Indian Iron Age, stupas to the Mauryan and post-Mauryan age, and Roman trade to the Sangam age.
Revision note — The Vedic period
• Early (Rig) Vedic, 1500–1000 BCE: pastoral tribes in the Sapta Sindhu; wealth counted in cattle; tribal assemblies Sabha and Samiti; the king took a voluntary offering called Bali.
• Later Vedic, 1000–600 BCE: settled farming in the Ganga–Yamuna doab; iron (shyama or krishna ayas) appears; pottery is Painted Grey Ware; the varna system hardens.
• The Rigveda has 10 mandalas and 1,028 hymns; the Gayatri mantra (to Savitri) is in the 3rd mandala by Vishwamitra; the Purusha Sukta on the four varnas is in the 10th.
• Samaveda = melodies (the root of Indian music); Yajurveda = sacrificial formulas; Atharvaveda = charms and spells.
• Each Veda has Brahmanas (ritual), Aranyakas (forest books) and Upanishads (philosophy, 108 in number, also called Vedanta).
• The six Vedangas: Shiksha, Kalpa, Vyakarana, Nirukta, Chhanda, Jyotisha.
Do not mix these up
• Early vs Later Vedic — Rigvedic society was tribal, pastoral and iron-less; later Vedic society was territorial, agricultural and used iron.
• Vedic vs Harappan — the Harappans were city builders; the Vedic Aryans left no cities, only literature.
Also asked from this topic: the number of mandalas in the Rigveda (10); the region the early Vedic Aryans inhabited (Sapta Sindhu); the Veda that contains ritual formulas for sacrifices (Yajurveda).
SSC Stenographer 2026 – 11 September 2026 Shift 1 · Rig Vedic society, polity and economy

Q2. The Rigveda was composed primarily in which region?

  1. (a) Saurashtra
  2. (b) Punjab and North-West India
  3. (c) Tamil Nadu
  4. (d) Bengal
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Punjab and North-West India

Answer: Option 2 — Punjab and North-West India
The Rigveda calls its homeland Sapta Sindhu, the land of seven rivers — present-day Punjab, Haryana and the adjoining North-West.
Its rivers, battles and tribes all belong to that region, not to Gujarat, the far south or the east.
Revision note — The Rigveda and the Early Vedic period
• The seven rivers of Sapta Sindhu: Sindhu (Indus), Vitasta (Jhelum), Asikni (Chenab), Parushni (Ravi), Vipasha (Beas), Shutudri (Sutlej) and the Saraswati.
• The Rigveda has 10 mandalas and 1,028 hymns (suktas); rik means a verse or hymn of praise, so Rigveda is the knowledge of hymns.
• Mandalas 2 to 7 are the oldest family books; 1, 8, 9 and 10 are later. Mandala 9 is devoted wholly to Soma.
• Mandala 10 contains the Purusha Sukta, the earliest mention of the four varnas, and the Nasadiya Sukta on creation.
• The most-invoked gods are Indra (about 250 hymns), Agni (about 200) and Varuna; the Gayatri Mantra, addressed to Savitri, is in Mandala 3 and is ascribed to Vishvamitra.
• The Rigveda was inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 2007; the Battle of Ten Kings (Dasarajna) on the Parushni (Ravi) is described in Mandala 7.
Do not mix these up
• The four Vedas — Rigveda hymns of praise, Samaveda melodies, Yajurveda sacrificial formulae, Atharvaveda spells and charms.
• Sapta Sindhu vs Aryavarta — Sapta Sindhu is the Early Vedic (Rigvedic) home in the North-West; Brahmavarta, Aryavarta and Madhyadesha are Later Vedic names for the Ganga–Yamuna region.
Also asked from this topic: the region the Rigveda calls its homeland (Sapta-Sindhu); the number of mandalas and hymns (10 and 1,028); the meaning of Rik (a sacred hymn).
SSC Stenographer 2026 – 9 September 2026 Shift 2 · Rig Vedic society, polity and economy

Q3. Evaluate the following statements related to the Rigvedic society:
Statement 1: The Rigveda contains hymns dedicated to deities such as Indra, Agni, and Soma.
Statement 2: The society described in the Rigveda was entirely urban and based on iron tools.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

  1. (a) Only Statement 1 is correct
  2. (b) Only Statement 2 is correct
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2 are correct
  4. (d) Neither 1 nor 2 is correct
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Only Statement 1 is correct

Answer: Option 1 — Only Statement 1 is correct
The Rigveda's hymns are indeed addressed to Indra, Agni and Soma, so Statement 1 holds.
Statement 2 fails twice over: Rigvedic society was rural and pastoral, and iron was not yet known to it.
Revision note — Rigvedic (Early Vedic) society
• Period roughly 1500–1000 BCE; the homeland was Sapta Sindhu, the land of seven rivers, covering present-day Punjab and the neighbouring region.
• The Rigveda has 10 mandalas and 1,028 hymns; Mandalas 2 to 7 are the oldest family books, and 1, 8, 9 and 10 are later.
• Indra receives the most hymns, about 250, and Agni about 200; Mandala 9 is given wholly to Soma.
• The economy was pastoral — cattle were wealth, which is why gomat means rich, gavishti (a search for cows) means war, and duhitri (daughter) means one who milks.
• The metal known was copper or bronze, called ayas; iron — krishna ayas — appears only in Later Vedic texts, and towns belong to that later phase too.
• The Rigveda separates arya varna from dasa varna; the rigid birth-based fourfold order is Later Vedic, and the Purusha Sukta of Mandala 10 is the single hymn naming all four varnas.
Do not mix these up
• Early Vedic vs Later Vedic — Early Vedic is pastoral, copper-using and townless; Later Vedic (1000–600 BCE) is agricultural, iron-using and organised into janapadas.
• Rigveda vs Samaveda — the Samaveda mostly reuses Rigvedic verses set to melody, which is why it is called the Veda of music.
Also asked from this topic: the number of mandalas in the Rigveda (10); the Rigvedic homeland (Sapta Sindhu); the meaning of Rik (a sacred hymn).
RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 20 June 2026 Shift 1 · Rig Vedic society, polity and economy

Q4. According to references in the Rigveda, the early Vedic Aryans inhabited a region known as:

  1. (a) Brahmavarta
  2. (b) Aryavarta
  3. (c) Sapta-Sindhu
  4. (d) Madhyadesha
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Sapta-Sindhu

Topic: Early Vedic Period - Geography
Sapta-Sindhu= Land of Seven Rivers
Rigveda mentions the region ofSapta-Sindhu(modern Punjab and surrounding areas).
The seven rivers: Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, and Saraswati.
This was the primary settlement area of early Vedic Aryans.
Brahmavarta and Aryavarta are later geographical terms.
Answer: Option 3 → Sapta-Sindhu
RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 19 June 2026 Shift 1 · Later Vedic period

Q5. Which among the following best represents the change in society from the Early to the Later Vedic period?

  1. (a) End of religious practices and rituals
  2. (b) Decline of agriculture and rise in hunting
  3. (c) Shift from settled villages to nomadic life
  4. (d) Emergence of a complex varna hierarchy
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Emergence of a complex varna hierarchy

Topic: Transition from Early to Later Vedic Period
Early Vedic Period (1500-1000 BCE):
Simple social structure, flexible varna system
Primarily pastoral economy, tribal society
Later Vedic Period (1000-600 BCE):
Complexvarna hierarchybecame rigid
Four varnas (Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra) clearly defined
Birth-based social stratification emerged
Agriculture expanded, settled life increased
Other options incorrect:
Religious practices actually intensified (not ended)
Answer: Option 4 → Emergence of a complex varna hierarchy
RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 18 June 2026 Shift 1 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q6. The Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas, mainly consists of which of the following?

  1. (a) Philosophical essays
  2. (b) Hymns
  3. (c) Epic narratives
  4. (d) Ritual manuals
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Hymns

Topic: Rigveda - Oldest Veda
The Rigveda is the oldest of the four Vedas (Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda).
It contains1,028 hymns (suktas)organized in 10 books (mandalas).
These hymns are prayers and praises dedicated to various deities like Indra, Agni, Varuna, etc.
Composed in Vedic Sanskrit around 1500-1200 BCE.
Answer: Option 2 → Hymns
RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 18 June 2026 Shift 1 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q7. Which of the following texts is considered the earliest Vedic composition depicting the life of early Vedic people?

  1. (a) Rigveda
  2. (b) Atharvaveda
  3. (c) Yajurveda
  4. (d) Samaveda
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Rigveda

Topic: Vedic Literature
TheRigvedais the oldest of the four Vedas, composed around 1500-1200 BCE.
It contains 1,028 hymns (suktas) in 10 mandalas, depicting early Vedic society, rituals, and deities.
Other Vedas came later: Yajurveda (rituals), Samaveda (melodies), Atharvaveda (spells).
Answer: Option 1 → Rigveda
RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 17 June 2026 Shift 3 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q8. Which of the following Vedas is known as the ‘Veda of Music’?

  1. (a) Atharvaveda
  2. (b) Samaveda
  3. (c) Yajurveda
  4. (d) Rigveda
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Samaveda

Topic: Vedas and their Characteristics
TheSamavedais known as the 'Veda of Music' or 'Book of Chants'.
It consists of hymns sung during religious rituals and sacrifices.
The verses are set to musical notations and melodies.
Answer: Option 2 → Samaveda
RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 16 June 2026 Shift 2 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q9. নিম্নোক্ত কোন বিকল্পটি ঋগ্বেদের রচয়িতা বা রচয়িতাবৃন্দ সম্পর্কে সবচেয়ে উপযুক্ত বর্ণনা দেয়?

  1. (a) এটি মহর্ষি ব্যাস একাই রচনা করেছিলেন এবং এটি মহাভারতের যুগে সংকলিত হয়েছিল।
  2. (b) এটি প্রজন্মের পর প্রজন্ম ধরে বিভিন্ন ঋষিদের দ্বারা রচিত সূক্তসমূহের একটি সংকলন।
  3. (c) এটি প্রাচীন ভারতের একজন একক দার্শনিক-রাজার দ্বারা লিখিত হয়েছিল।
  4. (d) মৌখিক প্রচারের জন্য মহর্ষি বাল্মীকি এটিকে একটি কাব্যিক মহাকাব্য হিসেবে উচ্চারণ করেছিলেন।
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) এটি প্রজন্মের পর প্রজন্ম ধরে বিভিন্ন ঋষিদের দ্বারা রচিত সূক্তসমূহের একটি সংকলন।

Topic: Rigveda Authorship
Rigveda is the oldest Veda (c. 1500-1200 BCE).
It contains 1,028 hymns (suktas) composed by multiple rishis across generations.
Major contributors: Vishwamitra, Vashishtha, Atri, Bharadwaja, and other rishi families.
It was orally transmitted and later compiled, not written by a single author.
Answer: Option 2 → এটি প্রজন্মের পর প্রজন্ম ধরে বিভিন্ন ঋষিদের দ্বারা রচিত সূক্তসমূহের একটি সংকলন।
RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2025-26 – 9 May 2026 Shift 3 · Rig Vedic society, polity and economy

Q10. The Rigveda mentions the terms arya varna and dasa varna. In the Early Vedic context, these terms indicate:

  1. (a) Occupational guilds based on trade specialization
  2. (b) Political offices within tribal administration
  3. (c) Distinction between Vedic people and non-Vedic groups
  4. (d) Fourfold caste hierarchy based strictly on birth
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Distinction between Vedic people and non-Vedic groups

Early Vedic Period - Arya and Dasa Varna
In Rigveda,arya varnaanddasa varnareferred to:
Arya:Vedic people who followed Vedic rituals and culture
Dasa:Non-Vedic indigenous groups, often enemies of Aryans
Key Point: This wasethnic-cultural distinction, not occupational or birth-based caste
The rigid fourfold varna system (Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra) developed inLater Vedic Period
Answer: Option 3 → Distinction between Vedic people and non-Vedic groups
SSC GD 2026 – 8 May 2026 Shift 1 · Purusharthas, samskaras and social concepts

Q11. Which of the following objectives emphasizes ethical living in the Vedic framework?

  1. (a) Artha
  2. (b) Kama
  3. (c) Dharma
  4. (d) Moksha
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Dharma

Correct Answer: Dharma — Option (c)
In the Vedic/Hindu philosophical framework, life is guided by four Purusharthas (aims of life): Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha. Dharma specifically emphasizes ethical living, righteous conduct, moral duties, and adherence to cosmic and social order (Rita and Dharma). It encompasses duties towards family, society, and the universe, and guides all other aims of life. Dharma is considered the foundation upon which Artha and Kama should be pursued, and it serves as the path towards Moksha.
Option (a) Artha — Incorrect: Artha refers to material prosperity, wealth, and the means of livelihood — it is about economic and political goals, not specifically ethical living.
Option (b) Kama — Incorrect: Kama refers to desire, pleasure, love, and aesthetic enjoyment — it represents sensory and emotional fulfillment, not ethical conduct.
Option (d) Moksha — Incorrect: Moksha is the ultimate goal — liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara); while ethical living supports the path to Moksha, Dharma specifically emphasizes ethical conduct.
SSC GD 2026 – 7 May 2026 Shift 3 · Epics and Puranas

Q12. In which epic is it mentioned that dying during Uttarayana grants moksha?

  1. (a) Ramayana
  2. (b) Mahabharata
  3. (c) Bhagavata Purana
  4. (d) Vedas
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Mahabharata

Correct Answer: Mahabharata — Option (b)
The belief that dying during Uttarayana (the northward journey of the Sun, roughly mid-January to mid-July) grants moksha (liberation) is prominently mentioned in the Mahabharata. The most famous illustration is that of Bhishma Pitamah: after being fatally wounded by Arjuna's arrows in the Kurukshetra war, Bhishma had the boon of Iccha Mrityu (death at will). He lay on a bed of arrows and waited for the auspicious period of Uttarayana to arrive before departing his body. This moment is described in detail in the Shanti Parva of the Mahabharata.
Option (a) Ramayana — Incorrect: The Ramayana does not specifically discuss Uttarayana as a time for achieving moksha through death; this concept is from the Mahabharata.
Option (c) Bhagavata Purana — Incorrect: While the Bhagavata Purana discusses moksha extensively, the specific episode of Uttarayana and death granting liberation is from the Mahabharata (Bhishma's story).
Option (d) Vedas — Incorrect: The Vedas are ancient hymns and rituals texts; the Uttarayana -moksha connection through Bhishma's story is in the Mahabharata, not the Vedas.
SSC GD 2026 – 6 May 2026 Shift 3 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q13. The literal meaning of the word 'Upanishad' is ___.

  1. (a) To speak loudly
  2. (b) To write in good handwriting
  3. (c) To meditate silently
  4. (d) Sitting near below (the teacher)
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Sitting near below (the teacher)

Correct Answer: Sitting near below (the teacher) — Option (d)
The word 'Upanishad' is derived from three Sanskrit words: ' Upa ' (near), ' ni ' (down/below), and 'shad' (to sit). Together, the literal meaning is 'sitting near the teacher' or 'sitting down near (the teacher)'. This refers to the ancient Gurukul tradition where students would sit at the feet of their teacher (guru) to receive spiritual and philosophical knowledge through intimate discussion and instruction. The Upanishads represent the philosophical and spiritual core of the Vedas and form the basis of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy.
Option (a) To speak loudly — Incorrect: Speaking loudly has no connection to the Sanskrit etymology of 'Upanishad'; the word literally means sitting near the teacher.
Option (b) To write in good handwriting — Incorrect: The Sanskrit roots of 'Upanishad' ( upa + ni + shad) have no connection to writing; they relate to sitting proximity to a teacher.
Option (c) To meditate silently — Incorrect: While meditation is practiced in the Upanishadic tradition, the word 'Upanishad' literally means 'sitting near below', not 'silent meditation'.
SSC GD 2026 – 5 May 2026 Shift 3 · Vedic gods and religion

Q14. According to the Yajurveda, what was the role of 'Adhvaryu' priests?

  1. (a) They composed new musical ragas
  2. (b) They performed dance rituals
  3. (c) They performed the yagna and chanted mantras in a low voice
  4. (d) They wrote treatises on music theory
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) They performed the yagna and chanted mantras in a low voice

Correct Answer: They performed the yagna and chanted mantras in a low voice — Option (c)
In Vedic tradition, the Adhvaryu priests were associated with the Yajurveda. Their primary role was to perform the practical aspects of the yagna (sacrificial ritual) — preparing the sacrificial ground, kindling the sacred fire, offering oblations, and chanting the Yajus (sacrificial formulas) in a low murmuring voice (unlike the Udgatri priests who sang aloud). The Yajurveda is essentially a manual for these ritual priests. The four main classes of Vedic priests were: Hotri (Rigveda), Udgatri (Samaveda), Adhvaryu (Yajurveda), and Brahmin (Atharvaveda — supervisor).
Option (a) They composed new musical ragas — Incorrect: Composing musical ragas is not the function of Adhvaryu priests; they were ritual officiants, not musicians.
Option (b) They performed dance rituals — Incorrect: Dance rituals were not part of the Adhvaryu's role; their work was entirely devoted to the mechanics of yagna.
Option (d) They wrote treatises on music theory — Incorrect: Writing on music theory is not attributed to Adhvaryu priests; their texts were the Yajurveda's ritual formulas.
SSC GD 2026 – 28 April 2026 Shift 1 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q15. Which Veda is mainly known for its musical content?

  1. (a) Rigveda
  2. (b) Samaveda
  3. (c) Yajurveda
  4. (d) Atharvaveda
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Samaveda

Correct Answer: Samaveda — Option (b)
The Samaveda (Veda of Melodies or Chants) is primarily known for its musical content. It is a collection of hymns set to musical notation — most of its 1,875 verses are taken from the Rigveda but are arranged and set to specific musical melodies (samans) for liturgical chanting during Soma sacrifices. The Samaveda is considered the foundation of Indian classical music. The musical notes ( swaras ) of Indian classical music trace their origin to the Samaveda. The Udgatar priests specialised in chanting from the Samaveda. The Samaveda has two major recensions — Kauthuma and Jaiminiya — both preserving ancient musical traditions.
Option (a) Rigveda — Incorrect: The Rigveda is mainly known for its 1,028 hymns ( suktas ) praising the gods (deities); it is the oldest of the four Vedas and is primarily associated with religious poetry and cosmology, not primarily for musical content.
Option (c) Yajurveda — Incorrect: The Yajurveda is known for its prose and verse sacrificial formulas ( yajus ) recited by the Adhvaryu priest during rituals; it contains instructions for performing Vedic rituals, not primarily musical content.
Option (d) Atharvaveda — Incorrect: The Atharvaveda is known for its hymns, spells, charms, and magical formulae for everyday life including healing, protection, and prosperity; it is not primarily known for musical content.
SSC GD 2026 – 27 April 2026 Shift 2 · Varna and ashrama system

Q16. What term was used to describe the student stage of life in early Hindu philosophy?

  1. (a) Vanaprastha
  2. (b) Brahmachari
  3. (c) Sannyasin
  4. (d) Grihastha
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Brahmachari

Correct Answer: Brahmachari — Option (b)
In the Hindu concept of Ashrama Dharma (the four stages of life), Brahmacharya is the FIRST stage — the student stage. A person in this stage is called a Brahmachari (male) or Brahmacharini (female). During this stage, a young person lives in the guru's home (gurukul), studies the scriptures (Vedas), learns disciplines, practices celibacy and self-control, and prepares for adult life. This stage typically lasts from around age 5-8 until the early to mid-twenties. The four Ashramas are: 1. Brahmacharya (Student stage), 2. Grihastha (Householder stage), 3. Vanaprastha (Forest dweller/Retired stage), 4. Sannyasa (Renunciant/Ascetic stage).
Option (a) Vanaprastha — Incorrect: Vanaprastha is the THIRD Ashrama — the 'forest dweller' or retired stage, when a person gradually withdraws from worldly duties and begins spiritual preparation.
Option (c) Sannyasin — Incorrect: Sannyasa is the FOURTH Ashrama — the stage of complete renunciation of worldly life, possessions, and attachments to pursue spiritual liberation (moksha).
Option (d) Grihastha — Incorrect: Grihastha is the SECOND Ashrama — the householder stage, when a person marries, raises a family, and fulfils their social and economic duties in society.
RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 25 March 2026 Shift 1 · Rig Vedic society, polity and economy

Q17. What did the term 'gopati' refer to in Early Vedic society?

  1. (a) Priest who conducts rituals
  2. (b) Warrior who leads battles
  3. (c) Chief who protects cows
  4. (d) Head of the family
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Chief who protects cows

Topic:Early Vedic Society - Social Structure
'Gopati'literally means 'lord of cattle' (Go = cow, Pati = lord/protector).
In Early Vedic period, wealth was measured in cattle.
The chief's primary role was protecting the community's cattle wealth.
Gopati = tribal chief who safeguarded cows and pastoral economy.
Answer: Option 3 → Chief who protects cows
RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 18 March 2026 Shift 2 · Varna and ashrama system

Q18. Which of the following was a function of the Vaishya class in later Vedic society?

  1. (a) Ruling class
  2. (b) Producing class
  3. (c) Ritual specialists
  4. (d) Subordinated class
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Producing class

Varna System in Later Vedic Period
The society was divided into four varnas:
•Brahmanas- Priests and ritual specialists
•Kshatriyas- Warriors and ruling class
•Vaishyas- Traders, farmers, cattle- rearers
•Shudras- Service providers and subordinated class
Vaishya Function:
Primary role wasproduction and commerce.
Engaged in agriculture, cattle-rearing, and trade.
They were theproducing classof society.
Answer: Option 2 → Producing class
RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 17 March 2026 Shift 3 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q19. Which Vedic text, composed around 1000 BCE, contains 1028 hymns dedicated to various deities?

  1. (a) Sama Veda
  2. (b) Yajur Veda
  3. (c) Atharva Veda
  4. (d) Rig Veda
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Rig Veda

TheRig Vedais the oldest Vedic text.
It contains1028 hymns ( suktas )organized in 10 mandalas.
Composed around1500-1000 BCEin Vedic Sanskrit.
Hymns are dedicated to deities like Indra, Agni, Varuna, Soma.
Answer: Option 4 → Rig Veda
SSC MTS 2025 – 20 February 2026 Shift 2 · Rig Vedic society, polity and economy

Q20. Which of the following profession has been mentioned in the Vedic texts?
I. Carpenter
II. Healer

  1. (a) Only I
  2. (b) Only II
  3. (c) Both I and II
  4. (d) Neither I nor II
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Both I and II

Correct Answer: Both I and II (Option 3)
Both occupations are mentioned in Vedic texts:
Statement I – Carpenter (Taksha or Vardhaki ) is mentioned in the Rigveda and other Vedic texts. Craftsmen who worked with wood were an important occupational group in Vedic society.
Statement II – Healer ( Bhishaj or Vaidya) is also mentioned in Vedic literature, including the Atharvaveda which contains many hymns related to healing, medicine, and health.
Both the carpenter and the healer were recognized professions in Vedic society, making both statements correct.
SSC MTS 2025 – 18 February 2026 Shift 1 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q21. Which Vedic text has been included by UNESCO in the list of World Human Heritage Literature?

  1. (a) Rigveda
  2. (b) Samaveda
  3. (c) Yajurveda
  4. (d) Atharvaveda
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Rigveda

The Rigveda has been included by UNESCO in its Memory of the World Register (also known as the World Human Heritage Literature list) in 2007. It is the oldest of the four Vedas and is considered one of the oldest religious texts in the world. Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda have not been individually inscribed.
SSC MTS 2025 – 18 February 2026 Shift 1 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q22. Which of the following pair is correct?
I. Vedic literature – Shruti tradition
II. Ramayana – Smriti tradition

  1. (a) Only I
  2. (b) Only II
  3. (c) Both I and II
  4. (d) Neither I nor II
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Both I and II

Both pairs are correct. Vedic literature (Vedas, Upanishads, Brahmanas) belongs to the Shruti tradition — texts 'heard' by sages through divine revelation. The Ramayana belongs to the Smriti tradition — texts 'remembered' and composed by human authors (Valmiki). Only I and Only II are incomplete; Neither is incorrect.
SSC MTS 2025 – 18 February 2026 Shift 3 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q23. In which Veda is river Sarasvati mentioned for the first time?

  1. (a) Sam Veda
  2. (b) Yajur Veda
  3. (c) Atharva Veda
  4. (d) Rig Veda
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Rig Veda

The correct answer is option 4.
The Rig Veda, the oldest of the four Vedas, mentions the Sarasvati river extensively — approximately 72 times. The Sarasvati is described as a mighty river, flowing from the mountains to the sea. It was a sacred and revered river in Vedic culture.
Option 1 is incorrect: The Sam Veda is largely a collection of melodies and chants derived from the Rig Veda; it does not mention Sarasvati first.
Option 2 is incorrect: The Yajur Veda deals with ritual worship procedures and was composed later.
Option 3 is incorrect: The Atharva Veda is the last of the four Vedas; it does not contain the first mention of the Sarasvati.
SSC MTS 2025 – 16 February 2026 Shift 2 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q24. Which Veda contains magical spells and charms?

  1. (a) Rigveda
  2. (b) Samaveda
  3. (c) Yajurveda
  4. (d) Atharvaveda
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Atharvaveda

The Atharvaveda is the fourth Veda and is distinct from the other three in that it contains magical spells, charms, incantations, and prayers for healing, protection, prosperity, and warding off evil. It reflects the folk religious traditions of the Vedic period and includes hymns for everyday rituals.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Rigveda: Contains hymns of praise (suktas) addressed to deities; it is primarily liturgical, not focused on magic.
- Samaveda: Contains melodies and chants (samans); it is a musical rendition of Rigvedic hymns.
- Yajurveda: Contains prose formulas and rituals for sacrificial ceremonies (yajnas); not focused on magical spells.
SSC MTS 2025 – 13 February 2026 Shift 1 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q25. In early Hindu philosophy, which concept governed the cycle of life from birth to death to rebirth?

  1. (a) Karma
  2. (b) Yajna
  3. (c) Artha
  4. (d) Dharma
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Karma

Correct Answer: Option 1 – Karma
In early Hindu philosophy, Karma is the concept that governs the cycle of life, death, and rebirth (samsara). Karma refers to the law of cause and effect — one's actions in this life determine the nature of the next birth. Good karma leads to a better rebirth; bad karma results in a lower form of existence. This concept is central to Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain philosophies.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 2 (Yajna): Refers to a ritual sacrifice or fire offering; not the governing principle of the life-death-rebirth cycle.
Option 3 (Artha): Refers to worldly prosperity, wealth, and material goals — one of the four Purusharthas (goals of life).
Option 4 (Dharma): Refers to righteous duty, moral law, and ethical conduct; it guides how one should live but does not directly govern the rebirth cycle.
SSC MTS 2025 – 13 February 2026 Shift 2 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q26. In what language were the Vedic hymns composed?

  1. (a) Pali
  2. (b) Prakrit
  3. (c) Tamil
  4. (d) Sanskrit
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Sanskrit

The Vedic hymns (Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda) were composed in Vedic Sanskrit, an archaic form of the Sanskrit language dating back to approximately 1500–500 BC.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Pali: A Middle Indo-Aryan language associated with Buddhist texts, not Vedic hymns.
- Prakrit: A group of vernacular Middle Indo-Aryan languages, used in later texts and inscriptions.
- Tamil: A Dravidian language of South India; has no connection to the composition of Vedic hymns.
SSC MTS 2025 – 13 February 2026 Shift 2 · Epics and Puranas

Q27. Which ancient city, believed to have been built by the Pandavas, is considered an early part of present-day Delhi?

  1. (a) Ayodhya
  2. (b) Hastinapur
  3. (c) Mathura
  4. (d) Indraprastha
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Indraprastha

According to the Mahabharata and historical tradition, Indraprastha was the capital city of the Pandavas, built on the banks of the Yamuna River. It is believed to correspond to the site of present-day Delhi (near Purana Qila). Archaeological excavations at Purana Qila have revealed evidence of ancient habitation supporting this association.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Ayodhya: Associated with Lord Rama and the Ramayana, located in Uttar Pradesh; not connected to the Pandavas or Delhi.
- Hastinapur: The capital of the Kaurava kingdom in the Mahabharata, located in present-day Meerut district, UP; not Delhi.
- Mathura: Associated with Lord Krishna; located in Uttar Pradesh, not Delhi.
SSC MTS 2025 – 11 February 2026 Shift 2 · Purusharthas, samskaras and social concepts

Q28. The Vedic concept of ' kama ' primarily relates to _____.

  1. (a) Ethical duties
  2. (b) Selfless service
  3. (c) Desire and enjoyment
  4. (d) Detachment from worldly life
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Desire and enjoyment

The correct answer is Desire and enjoyment (Option 3). In the Vedic and Hindu philosophical tradition, 'Kama' refers to desire, love, pleasure, and enjoyment — one of the four Purusharthas (aims of life), the others being Dharma (ethical duties), Artha (wealth), and Moksha (liberation). Option 1 (Ethical duties) corresponds to Dharma. Option 2 (Selfless service) relates to Seva. Option 4 (Detachment from worldly life) relates to Vairagya or Moksha.
Delhi Police Head Constable (Ministerial) 2025-26 – 7 January 2026 Shift 2 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q29. The famous philosophical discussions between Nachiketa and Yama are found in which Upanishad?

  1. (a) Kena Upanishad
  2. (b) Katha Upanishad
  3. (c) Mundaka Upanishad
  4. (d) Chandogya Upanishad
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Katha Upanishad

Correct Answer: Option 2 – Katha Upanishad
The Katha Upanishad (also called Kathopanishad) contains the famous dialogue between Nachiketa, a young boy, and Yama, the god of death. Nachiketa seeks the knowledge of life after death and the nature of the Atman (soul). Yama initially tries to dissuade him with worldly gifts but eventually imparts the highest knowledge of Brahman and the immortal Self. This is one of the most profound philosophical discourses in Indian philosophy.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Kena Upanishad): Kena deals with the nature of Brahman and the relationship between Brahman and the human senses — not the Nachiketa-Yama dialogue.
Option 3 (Mundaka Upanishad): Mundaka deals with the knowledge of Brahman and the two types of knowledge (Para and Apara) — not the Nachiketa story.
Option 4 (Chandogya Upanishad): Chandogya is one of the largest Upanishads, dealing with Udgitha (Om chanting), Sama Veda teachings, and concepts like 'Tat Tvam Asi' — not the Nachiketa-Yama dialogue.
Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 4 January 2026 Shift 2 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q30. Which of the following is considered the oldest literary work?

  1. (a) Mahabharata
  2. (b) Arthashastra
  3. (c) Rigveda
  4. (d) Ramayana
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Rigveda

The Rigveda is the oldest of the four Vedas and is considered one of the oldest known literary works in any Indo-European language, composed approximately between 1500–1200 BCE.
(a) Incorrect: The Mahabharata was composed after the Rigveda, approximately between 400 BCE and 400 CE.
(b) Incorrect: The Arthashastra by Chanakya (Kautilya) dates to around the 4th century BCE, much later than the Rigveda.
(d) Incorrect: The Ramayana was also composed after the Rigveda, around 500 BCE to 100 BCE.
Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 30 December 2025 Shift 2 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q31. Which Veda is known as the 'Book of Chants' and is the origin of Indian music?

  1. (a) Rigveda
  2. (b) Samaveda
  3. (c) Yajurveda
  4. (d) Atharvaveda
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Samaveda

The Samaveda is known as the 'Book of Chants' or 'Veda of Melodies'. It contains hymns meant to be sung during religious ceremonies and is considered the origin of Indian classical music.
(a) Incorrect: Rigveda is the oldest of the four Vedas and consists of hymns in praise of gods.
(c) Incorrect: Yajurveda contains prose mantras for rituals and sacrificial rites.
(d) Incorrect: Atharvaveda contains hymns, spells and incantations and deals with everyday life.
SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 12 December 2025 Shift 2 · Rig Vedic society, polity and economy

Q32. Which among the following statements is TRUE about the Rig Vedic Society?

  1. (a) The Rig Vedic society was matrilineal
  2. (b) The head of the family was known as Vishaypati
  3. (c) Apala, Visvavara , Ghosa , and Lopamudra were prominent women poets of the Rig Vedic period
  4. (d) Child marriage and the practice of Sati were prevalent
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Apala, Visvavara , Ghosa , and Lopamudra were prominent women poets of the Rig Vedic period

Correct: Apala, Visvavara , Ghosa , and Lopamudra were prominent women poets of the Rig Vedic period.
Rig Vedic society was largely patrilineal (not matrilineal). The head of the family was called ' Kulapa ' or ' Grihapati ' (not Vishaypati — that was an administrative title). Child marriage and Sati were not prevalent in the Rig Vedic age. Women like Apala, Ghosa , Lopamudra, and Visvavara indeed composed hymns in the Rigveda.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 30 November 2025 Shift 1 · Epics and Puranas

Q33. The term ' Jambudvipa ' used in Mahabharata is associated with which tree?

  1. (a) Banyan
  2. (b) Ashoka
  3. (c) Neem
  4. (d) Jamun
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Jamun

Correct Answer: Option 4 – Jamun
The term ' Jambudvipa ' (also spelled Jambu- dvipa ) literally means 'Island/Land of the Jambu tree.' The Jambu tree refers to the Jamun tree (Indian Blackberry / Syzygium cumini ). In the Mahabharata and other ancient Sanskrit texts, Jambudvipa was the name for the Indian subcontinent or the known world. The Jamun tree was considered sacred and abundant in the region.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Banyan): The Banyan (Vata Vriksha) is India's national tree but is not associated with the term ' Jambudvipa '.
Option 2 (Ashoka): The Ashoka tree is associated with Buddhism and royalty, not with Jambudvipa .
Option 3 (Neem): Neem is a medicinal tree but has no connection to the Mahabharata term ' Jambudvipa '.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 29 November 2025 Shift 3 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q34. Which Vedic text category explains mantras and sacrificial rituals in prose form?

  1. (a) Samhitas
  2. (b) Aranyakas
  3. (c) Brahmanas
  4. (d) Upanishads
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Brahmanas

Correct Answer: Option 3 – Brahmanas
Brahmanas are ancient Vedic texts written in prose that explain the meaning of mantras and describe sacrificial (yajna) rituals in detail. They serve as ritual manuals attached to each Veda, providing instructions on how to perform ceremonies correctly.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Samhitas): Samhitas are the core Vedic texts containing collections of hymns, prayers, and mantras (e.g., Rig Veda Samhita); they do not explain rituals in prose.
Option 2 ( Aranyakas ): Aranyakas are 'forest texts' meant for hermits and ascetics; they deal with meditation and symbolism of rituals, not ritual instructions in prose. The candidate incorrectly selected this.
Option 4 (Upanishads): Upanishads are philosophical texts dealing with the nature of Brahman, Atman, and the universe; they are not ritual manuals.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 22 November 2025 Shift 2 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q35. Rig Veda is a collection of approximately how many hymns?

  1. (a) 508
  2. (b) 838
  3. (c) 1028
  4. (d) 1508
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 1028

The Rig Veda is a collection of approximately 1028 hymns (suktas), organised into 10 mandalas (books). It is the oldest of the four Vedas and one of the oldest religious texts in the world, containing hymns to deities such as Indra, Agni, Soma, and Varuna.
Options 508, 838, and 1508 are incorrect.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 22 November 2025 Shift 3 · Varna and ashrama system

Q36. Which of the following varnas in Vedic society was considered responsible for trade and business?

  1. (a) Vaishya
  2. (b) Brahmin
  3. (c) Shudra
  4. (d) Kshatriya
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Vaishya

Correct Answer: Vaishya (Option 1)
In the ancient Vedic varna (social class) system, the Vaishyas were the third varna and were traditionally associated with trade, commerce, agriculture, and cattle rearing. The four varnas were: Brahmin (priests and teachers), Kshatriya (warriors and rulers), Vaishya (traders and farmers), and Shudra (laborers and service providers). Vaishyas played a vital role in the economic life of ancient Indian society through their commercial activities.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 2 - Brahmin: Brahmins were the priestly class responsible for religious duties, teaching, and learning.
Option 3 - Shudra: Shudras were the fourth varna, traditionally responsible for serving the other three varnas.
Option 4 - Kshatriya: Kshatriyas were the warrior and ruling class responsible for governance and military duties.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 21 November 2025 Shift 3 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q37. Who are traditionally believed to have composed the Vedic hymns in early Indian tradition?

  1. (a) 1. Kings
  2. (b) 2. Scholars from Nalanda
  3. (c) 3. Village elders
  4. (d) 4. Rishis and Rishikas
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) 4. Rishis and Rishikas

In early Indian tradition, the Vedic hymns (mantras) are traditionally believed to have been composed by Rishis (male seers) and Rishikas (female seers). These sages are considered to have 'seen' (not created) the hymns through their spiritual insight — hence the Vedas are called 'Shruti' (that which is heard/revealed). Kings, Nalanda scholars (a Buddhist institution), and village elders have no traditional association with Vedic composition.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 21 November 2025 Shift 3 · Varna and ashrama system

Q38. Which of the following statements is correct?
I. During the Vedic period the society was organised into four varnas.
II. Early Hindu philosophy prescribed the four stages of life.

  1. (a) 1. Only I
  2. (b) 2. Only II
  3. (c) 3. Both I and II
  4. (d) 4. Neither I nor II
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 3. Both I and II

Both statements are correct. Statement I: During the Vedic period, society was organized into four varnas — Brahmins (priests/scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors/rulers), Vaishyas (traders/farmers), and Shudras (service providers). Statement II: Early Hindu philosophy prescribed the four Ashramas (stages of life) — Brahmacharya (studentship), Grihastha (householder), Vanaprastha (forest dweller/retirement), and Sannyasa (renunciation). Hence 'Both I and II' is correct.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 21 November 2025 Shift 2 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q39. The philosophical concept that everything in the universe is one divine essence is called _____.

  1. (a) Samiti
  2. (b) Yajna
  3. (c) Purandar
  4. (d) Brahman
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Brahman

Correct Answer: Brahman (Option 4)
In Hindu philosophy, 'Brahman' is the philosophical concept that everything in the universe is one divine, ultimate, and universal essence or reality. It represents the cosmic principle, the absolute truth, and the source of all existence. This is the central concept of Advaita Vedanta (non-dual philosophy) propounded by Adi Shankaracharya, which holds that Brahman is the only ultimate reality and that the individual self (Atman) is identical with Brahman.
Samiti was an ancient Indian assembly (Sabha and Samiti were the two assemblies of the Vedic period). Yajna refers to a sacrificial ritual or fire ceremony. Purandar means 'destroyer of forts' — an epithet of Indra. None of these represent the concept of one divine essence of the universe.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 19 November 2025 Shift 2 · Rig Vedic society, polity and economy

Q40. In which Indian text does the name 'Bharata' first appear?

  1. (a) Ramayan
  2. (b) Rig Veda
  3. (c) Meghdutam
  4. (d) Mahabharata
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Rig Veda

Correct Answer: Rig Veda (Option 2)
The name 'Bharata' first appears in the Rig Veda, the oldest of the four Vedas. The Rig Veda mentions the Bharata tribe, which is believed to be one of the earliest Vedic tribes. The Battle of the Ten Kings ( Dasarajna ) mentioned in the Rig Veda involves the Bharata tribe under King Sudas. The name 'Bharata' for the Indian subcontinent is derived from this ancient reference.
Why others are wrong:
Option 1 - Ramayan: The Ramayana was composed much later than the Rig Veda; the name Bharata appears first in the Rig Veda.
Option 3 - Meghdutam : Meghaduta is a Sanskrit poem by Kalidasa (4th-5th century CE), far later than the Rig Veda.
Option 4 - Mahabharata: Although the Mahabharata's story revolves around the Bharata dynasty, the name 'Bharata' first appears in the earlier Rig Veda.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 18 November 2025 Shift 2 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q41. Which Veda contains hymns mostly taken from the Rigveda, arranged for singing?
I. Samaveda
II. Yajurveda

  1. (a) Only I
  2. (b) Only II
  3. (c) Both I and II
  4. (d) Neither I nor II
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Only I

Correct Answer: Only I (Option 1)
Statement I is CORRECT: The Samaveda (Veda of Melodies/Chants) is composed almost entirely of hymns taken from the Rigveda, rearranged and set to musical notation for singing during Soma sacrifices. About 75 of its 1875 verses are original; the rest are from the Rigveda. The Samaveda is considered the origin of Indian classical music.
Statement II is INCORRECT: The Yajurveda (Veda of Sacrificial Formulas) contains prose mantras and verses used for performing rituals and sacrifices (yajnas). While it also draws from the Rigveda, it is not primarily arranged for singing — it is a manual for priests ( Adhvaryus ) performing rituals.
Hence only Statement I (Only I) is correct.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 18 November 2025 Shift 3 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q42. The term 'atman' in the Upanishads refers to _____.

  1. (a) Ritual fire
  2. (b) Sacred chant
  3. (c) Supreme god
  4. (d) The inner self or soul
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) The inner self or soul

Correct Answer: The inner self or soul (Option 4)
In the Upanishads (the philosophical texts of Hinduism), 'Atman' refers to the inner self or soul — the true, eternal essence of an individual being. The Upanishads explore the identity of Atman with Brahman (the universal consciousness or ultimate reality), captured in the Mahavakya (great saying): 'Aham Brahmasmi ' (I am Brahman) and 'Tat Tvam Asi' (Thou art That). The concept of Atman forms the basis of Advaita Vedanta philosophy.
Ritual fire is 'Agni' in Hindu tradition. Sacred chant refers to mantras. Supreme god could be 'Brahman' (universal) or specific deities — not Atman. Atman specifically refers to the individual inner self/soul.
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 12 November 2025 Shift 2 · Purusharthas, samskaras and social concepts

Q43. What does 'Moksha' stand for in the fourfold objective of life according to Vedic philosophy?

  1. (a) Pursuit of desires
  2. (b) Social status
  3. (c) Spiritual freedom
  4. (d) Wealth accumulation
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Spiritual freedom

In Vedic philosophy, life has four objectives called the Purusharthas : Dharma (righteousness/duty), Artha (wealth/prosperity), Kama (desire/pleasure), and Moksha (liberation). Moksha represents spiritual freedom — liberation from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (samsara). Pursuit of desires = Kama; wealth accumulation = Artha; social status is not one of the four Purusharthas .
SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 12 November 2025 Shift 2 · Purusharthas, samskaras and social concepts

Q44. What does 'moksha' stand for in the fourfold objective of life according to Vedic philosophy?

  1. (a) Pursuit of desires
  2. (b) Social status
  3. (c) Spiritual freedom
  4. (d) Wealth accumulation
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Spiritual freedom

Correct Answer: Spiritual freedom
In Vedic philosophy, life has four objectives called the Purusharthas ( Chaturvidha Purusharthas ):
- Dharma: Righteousness and moral duty.
- Artha: Wealth and material prosperity.
- Kama: Desires and pleasures.
- Moksha: Liberation or spiritual freedom ? the ultimate goal of life, meaning freedom from the cycle of birth and death (samsara).
Why other options are wrong:
- Pursuit of desires: This corresponds to 'Kama', not Moksha.
- Social status: Not one of the four Purusharthas .
- Wealth accumulation: This corresponds to 'Artha', not Moksha.
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 14 October 2025 Shift 2 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q45. How many mandalas are there in the Rig Veda?

  1. (a) 10
  2. (b) 12
  3. (c) 9
  4. (d) 11
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) 10

The Rig Veda is divided into 10 Mandalas (books/chapters).
It contains 1028 hymns.
Answer: Option 1 (10)
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 24 September 2025 Shift 1 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q46. Which among the following is NOT a Vedanga, or the limbs of the Veda?

  1. (a) Kalpa
  2. (b) Vaisheshika
  3. (c) Vyakarana
  4. (d) Jyotisha
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Vaisheshika

The six Vedangas are Shiksha, Kalpa, Vyakarana, Nirukta, Chhanda and Jyotisha.
Vaisheshika is one of the six Astika schools of Indian philosophy (founded by Kanada), not a Vedanga.
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 23 September 2025 Shift 1 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q47. What is the meaning of Samhita in the context of the Rigveda?

  1. (a) A commentary explaining each verse of the Rigveda
  2. (b) A collection of hymns arranged in prose form
  3. (c) A systematic compilation of hymns and mantras
  4. (d) A ritual handbook for Vedic sacrifices
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) A systematic compilation of hymns and mantras

Samhita means 'collection/compilation'. In Rigveda context, it is the systematic compilation of hymns and mantras (1028 hymns).
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 22 September 2025 Shift 1 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q48. The Rigveda is divided into how many Mandalas?

  1. (a) 5
  2. (b) 7
  3. (c) 10
  4. (d) 12
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 10

The Rigveda is divided into 10 Mandalas (books).
The other figures are incorrect.
Hence the answer is 10.
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 21 September 2025 Shift 3 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q49. In the context of the Rigveda, what does the term 'Rik' signify?

  1. (a) Ritual sacrifice
  2. (b) Divine law
  3. (c) Sacred hymn
  4. (d) Ancient melody
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Sacred hymn

In the Rigveda, 'Rik' ( ऋक् ) means a sacred hymn or verse of praise addressed to deities.
Ritual sacrifice is 'Yajna'; divine law is 'Rita/Dharma'; ancient melody refers to 'Saman' (associated with the Samaveda).
SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 14 September 2025 Shift 3 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q50. Which Veda primarily contains ritual formulas and detailed procedures for performing sacrifices?

  1. (a) Samaveda
  2. (b) Yajurveda
  3. (c) Atharvaveda
  4. (d) Rigveda
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Yajurveda

Rigveda — contains hymns (mantras) to gods.
Samaveda — contains melodies and chants.
Yajurveda — contains ritual formulas, prose mantras, and detailed procedures for performing yajnas (sacrifices). It is the Veda of rituals.
Atharvaveda — contains spells, charms, and philosophical texts.
Answer: Yajurveda
RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 4 September 2025 Shift 2 · Varna and ashrama system

Q51. Social life in the Vedic period was divided into how many ashramas?

  1. (a) Six
  2. (b) Four
  3. (c) Ten
  4. (d) Three
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Four

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 4 September 2025 Shift 3 · Rig Vedic society, polity and economy

Q52. The indigenous inhabitants of India who were hostile, dark skinned and did not follow the Vedic system are referred to in Vedic texts as:

  1. (a) Dravidas
  2. (b) Aryans
  3. (c) Dasas
  4. (d) Dasyus
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Dasyus

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 3 September 2025 Shift 3 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q53. Which of the four Vedas is traditionally paired with the Upaveda known as Gandharvaveda?

  1. (a) Rigveda
  2. (b) Samaveda
  3. (c) Atharvaveda
  4. (d) Yajurveda
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Samaveda

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 29 August 2025 Shift 1 · Aryan origin theories

Q54. Which of the following groups of people is said to have migrated into the late Indus Valley era India from Central Asia?

  1. (a) Aryans
  2. (b) Shakas
  3. (c) Dravidas
  4. (d) Mesopotamians
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Aryans

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 28 August 2025 Shift 2 · Later Vedic period

Q55. During the Later Vedic period, which of the following animals was specifically mentioned as useful for ploughing swampy land?

  1. (a) Horse
  2. (b) Elephant
  3. (c) Cow
  4. (d) Buffalo
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Buffalo

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 18 August 2025 Shift 1 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q56. What is the main content of the four Vedas composed during the Early Vedic period?

  1. (a) Agricultural manuals
  2. (b) Prayers and hymns
  3. (c) War strategies
  4. (d) Laws and rituals
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Prayers and hymns

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 14 August 2025 Shift 2 · Rig Vedic society, polity and economy

Q57. The term gomat in the Rigveda refers to which of the following?

  1. (a) A warrior
  2. (b) A priest
  3. (c) A wealthy person
  4. (d) A milkmaid
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) A wealthy person

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 13 August 2025 Shift 1 · Rig Vedic society, polity and economy

Q58. Which of the following Vedic words literally means search for cows and also refers to battle?

  1. (a) Gaveshana
  2. (b) Gomat
  3. (c) Gopala
  4. (d) Duhitri
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Gaveshana

RRB NTPC UG CBT-1 2024-25 – 11 August 2025 Shift 3 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q59. Which of the following Vedas mentions the names of some learned ladies like Viswavara, Apala and Ghosa who composed mantras and attained the rank of Rishis?

  1. (a) The Rigveda
  2. (b) The Samaveda
  3. (c) The Atharvaveda
  4. (d) The Yajurveda
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) The Rigveda

SSC Selection Post 2025 (Phase XIII) – 2 August 2025 Shift 2 · Rig Vedic society, polity and economy

Q60. The Rigveda points to an organized society. What kind of marriage existed there?

  1. (a) Only monogamy was practiced
  2. (b) Only polygamy was practiced
  3. (c) Both monogamy and polygamy was practiced equally
  4. (d) Monogamy was general rule but some princes practiced polygamy
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Monogamy was general rule but some princes practiced polygamy

Correct Answer: Option 4 – Monogamy was general rule but some princes practiced polygamy
In Rigvedic society, monogamy was the general norm for common people. However, evidence in the Rigveda indicates that some kings and princes (royalty) practiced polygamy. This reflects a social hierarchy where the rules of marriage were not entirely uniform across all classes.
Option 1 (Only monogamy): Incorrect; polygamy was practiced by royalty.
Option 2 (Only polygamy): Incorrect; monogamy was the dominant form.
Option 3 (Equal practice): Incorrect; polygamy was restricted primarily to royalty, not universally practiced.
SSC Selection Post 2025 (Phase XIII) – 25 July 2025 Shift 2 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q61. Which Mandal of the Rigveda is devoted to soma drink?

  1. (a) Seventh
  2. (b) Ninth
  3. (c) Eleventh
  4. (d) Thirteenth
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Ninth

Correct Answer: Option 2 – Ninth
The Ninth Mandal of the Rigveda, known as the 'Soma Mandal' or ' Pavamana Mandal,' is entirely devoted to hymns in praise of Soma — the sacred ritual drink of the Vedic people. All 114 hymns in the Ninth Mandal are addressed to Soma Pavamana (the purified/flowing Soma). Soma was a plant-derived ritual beverage believed to grant divine inspiration and immortality.
Option 1 (Seventh): The Seventh Mandal is associated with Rishi Vasishtha and contains hymns to Indra, Varuna, Mitra, and other deities.
Option 3 (Eleventh): The Rigveda has only 10 Mandalas; the Eleventh Mandal does not exist.
Option 4 (Thirteenth): Similarly, the Thirteenth Mandal does not exist in the Rigveda.
SSC Selection Post 2025 (Phase XIII) – 25 July 2025 Shift 2 · Rig Vedic society, polity and economy

Q62. The term "Jana" in the Rig Vedic period primarily referred to a:

  1. (a) Large kingdom or empire.
  2. (b) Tribe or a group of related families.
  3. (c) Village unit.
  4. (d) Professional guild.
Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Tribe or a group of related families.

Correct Answer: Option 2 – Tribe or a group of related families
In the Rig Vedic period, 'Jana' referred to a tribe or a group of related families/clans who shared a common ancestry, culture, and chief (Raja). The Rigveda mentions five major tribes ( Panchjana ): Anus, Druhyus , Yadus , Turvashas , and Purus. The term 'Jana' was the basic socio-political unit of Vedic society, equivalent to a tribal confederation.
Option 1 (Large kingdom or empire): This would correspond to later concepts like 'Rashtra' or ' Samrajya '; 'Jana' in the Rig Vedic period denoted a tribal unit, not a large kingdom.
Option 3 (Village unit): The village unit in Vedic society was the 'Grama'; 'Jana' was a larger tribal grouping.
Option 4 (Professional guild): Professional guilds ('Shreni') emerged in the later Vedic/early historical period; 'Jana' in the Rigveda refers to tribal identity, not professional organization.
SSC Selection Post 2025 (Phase XIII) – 24 July 2025 Shift 2 · Six schools of Indian philosophy

Q63. The Mimamsa school of philosophy is primarily concerned with which aspect of the Vedas?

  1. (a) Rituals and Dharma
  2. (b) Meditation and Yoga
  3. (c) Logic and Debate
  4. (d) Atomic theory
Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Rituals and Dharma

Correct Answer: Option 1 – Rituals and Dharma
Mimamsa (or Purva Mimamsa), one of the six orthodox (Astika) schools of Hindu philosophy, is primarily concerned with the interpretation of the ritual portions of the Vedas (Karma Kanda) and the understanding of Dharma (righteous conduct/duty). It emphasizes the eternal validity of the Vedas and the importance of performing Vedic rituals correctly for achieving cosmic order and dharmic goals.
Option 2 (Meditation and Yoga): Addressed by Yoga (Patanjali's system) and partially by Vedanta; not Mimamsa.
Option 3 (Logic and Debate): Addressed by Nyaya school (founded by Gautama), which focuses on logic and epistemology.
Option 4 (Atomic theory): Addressed by Vaisheshika school (founded by Kanada), which proposes that the universe is composed of atoms ( paramanu ).
RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 24 June 2025 Shift 3 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q64. Which traditional method of Vedic chanting is regarded as the most complex and extensive among all the recitation styles?

  1. (a) Shikhapatha
  2. (b) Jatapatha
  3. (c) Ghanapatha
  4. (d) Dandapatha
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Ghanapatha

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 12 June 2025 Shift 1 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q65. Which of the following is NOT one of the primary tones used in Vedic chanting?

  1. (a) Svarita
  2. (b) Anudaatta
  3. (c) Mandrata
  4. (d) Udatta
Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Mandrata

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2024-25 – 6 June 2025 Shift 1 · Vedic literature (Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads)

Q66. How many recognised styles of Vedic recitation (Pathas) are there?

  1. (a) Seven
  2. (b) Ten
  3. (c) Nine
  4. (d) Eleven
Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Eleven

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