Science, Technology and Space - Current – Current Affairs Questions Asked in SSC & Railway Exams (PYQs with Answers) – Page 2

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 24 March 2026 Shift 2 · Health and medical research

Q101. In December 2025, which institution's scientists created the bioluminescent CRISPR protein 'GlowCas9' that can track gene editing?

(a) IIT, Delhi
(b) Bose Institute, Kolkata
(c) TIFR, Mumbai
(d) IISc, Bangalore

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Bose Institute, Kolkata

Topic: Recent Scientific Development (December 2025)
GlowCas9- Bioluminescent CRISPR protein developed to track gene editing in real-time.
Developed by scientists atBose Institute, Kolkata.
This innovation allows visualization of gene editing processes using bioluminescence.
Answer: Option 2 → Bose Institute, Kolkata

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 24 March 2026 Shift 3 · Technology launches and AI

Q102. Which group at IIT Bombay developed the Quantum Diamond Microscope in November 2025?

(a) Quantum Leap Group
(b) Vikas Research Group
(c) P-Quest Group
(d) NanoTech Group

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) P-Quest Group

Quantum Diamond Microscope (QDM) Development
Developed by:P-Quest Group at IIT Bombay
Key Facts:
• Announced in November 2025
• Uses nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
• Enables magnetic field imaging at nanoscale
• Application in quantum sensing and materials research
Answer: Option 3 → P-Quest Group

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 22 March 2026 Shift 2 · Technology launches and AI

Q103. At the 2025 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed the establishment of a global AI governance body. What is the name of this proposed organization?

(a) International AI Forum (IAIF)
(b) Global AI Council (GAIC)
(c) World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization (WAICO)
(d) International Artificial Intelligence Organization (IAIO)

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization (WAICO)

Topic:APEC 2025 - Global AI Governance
At the 2025 APEC meeting, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed establishing a global body for AI governance.
The proposed organization is namedWorld Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization (WAICO).
This initiative aims to promote international cooperation and establish frameworks for responsible AI development and deployment globally.
Answer: Option 3 → World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization (WAICO)

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 22 March 2026 Shift 2 · Research breakthroughs - current

Q104. Which post-surgical intervention, demonstrated by Indian researchers in 2025, was shown to significantly reduce pelvic recurrence in high-risk bladder cancer patients?

(a) Immunotherapy used as a standalone post-surgical treatment
(b) Targeted drug therapy replacing surgery for bladder cancer
(c) Radiation therapy administered after bladder cancer surgery
(d) Chemotherapy administered before bladder cancer surgery

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Radiation therapy administered after bladder cancer surgery

Topic: Medical Research 2025 - Bladder Cancer Treatment
Key Finding by Indian Researchers (2025):
Post-surgical radiation therapy significantly reduces pelvic recurrence in high-risk bladder cancer patients.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
Option 1: Immunotherapy alone - not the demonstrated intervention
Option 2: Targeted therapy replacing surgery - contradicts post-surgical approach
Option 4: Pre-surgical chemotherapy - timing is before, not after surgery
Correct Intervention:
Radiation therapy administeredafter surgery(adjuvant radiotherapy) was proven effective in reducing local pelvic recurrence.
Answer: Option 3 → Radiation therapy administered after bladder cancer surgery

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 22 March 2026 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q105. Which facility, inaugurated in 2025 by the ISRO Chairman, became India’s first private-sector navigation innovation hub aimed at strengthening self-reliance in advanced navigation systems?

(a) Centre for Indigenous Navigation Technologies
(b) National Hub for Advanced Satellite Navigation
(c) Ananth Centre of Excellence for Navigation
(d) Indian Navigation Research and Innovation Centre

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Ananth Centre of Excellence for Navigation

Topic: ISRO & Navigation Innovation (2025)
In 2025, ISRO Chairman inaugurated India's first private-sector navigation innovation hub.
The facility is namedAnanth Centre of Excellence for Navigation.
Purpose: Strengthen self-reliance in advanced navigation systems through private sector collaboration.
Answer: Option 3 → Ananth Centre of Excellence for Navigation

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 19 March 2026 Shift 1 · Health and medical research

Q106. On 10 November 2025, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) stated that the Region of the Americas no longer retained its status of being free from endemic transmission of which of the following diseases?

(a) Yellow fever
(b) Cholera
(c) Measles
(d) Polio

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Measles

On10 November 2025, PAHO announced that the Americas lost its measles-free status.
The region had achievedmeasles elimination certification in 2016.
Due to declining vaccination rates and outbreaks, endemic transmission resumed.
This marked a significant public health setback for the region.
Answer: Option 3 → Measles

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 19 March 2026 Shift 2 · Health and medical research

Q107. In November 2025, which of the following organizations collaborated with UNICEF to secure a new deal for affordable malaria vaccines?

(a) Red Cross
(b) Gavi
(c) Oxfam
(d) Doctors Without Borders

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Gavi

Topic: Current Affairs - November 2025
Gavi, the Vaccine Alliancepartnered with UNICEF in November 2025 to secure a landmark deal for affordable malaria vaccines.
This collaboration aims to increase access to malaria vaccines in low-income countries, particularly in Africa where malaria burden is highest.
Gavi works globally to improve vaccine access and affordability for children in developing nations.
Answer: Option 2 → Gavi

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 18 March 2026 Shift 2 · Health and medical research

Q108. Which AI-powered diagnostic model, unveiled by Indian scientists in 2025, analyses cancer at the molecular level to improve classification and treatment outcomes?

(a) BioScan AI-based tumour classification model
(b) TumourTrack intelligent cancer analysis system
(c) OncoMark AI-powered cancer diagnostic model
(d) GeneMap advanced molecular oncology platform

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) OncoMark AI-powered cancer diagnostic model

OncoMark AI-powered cancer diagnostic modelwas unveiled by Indian scientists in 2025.
Key Features:
Analyses cancer at molecular level for precise classification.
Improves treatment outcomes through advanced AI algorithms.
Enhances personalized cancer therapy decisions.
Answer: Option 3 → OncoMark AI-powered cancer diagnostic model

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 18 March 2026 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q109. In December 2025, which organization issued a Request for Proposal ( RfP ) to establish 'Space Labs' in universities across India?

(a) Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN- SPACe )
(b) Department of Science and Technology (DST)
(c) Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
(d) Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN- SPACe )

IN- SPACe(Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre) issued the RfP to establish 'Space Labs' in universities.
Purpose:To promote space education, research, and innovation in academic institutions across India.
IN- SPACe Role:Autonomous nodal agency under DOS for promoting private sector participation in space activities and facilitating space education.
Answer: Option 1 → Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN- SPACe )

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 18 March 2026 Shift 3 · Technology launches and AI

Q110. Which indigenous microprocessor, launched in 2025, marked a milestone in India’s technological self-reliance as the country’s first 1.0 GHz, 64-bit dual-core processor?

(a) DHRUV64 microprocessor
(b) SHAKTI-X64 microprocessor
(c) BHARAT-Core 64 microprocessor
(d) VEGA-64 indigenous processor

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) DHRUV64 microprocessor

DHRUV64 Microprocessor (2025)
India's first indigenous 1.0 GHz processor
Features: 64-bit dual-core architecture
Milestone in Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative
Represents India's technological self-reliance
Answer: Option 1 → DHRUV64 microprocessor

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 17 March 2026 Shift 2 · Technology launches and AI

Q111. On the Eve of the 79th Independence Day in 2025, the Indian government unveiled which AI-powered tool to automatically generate structured minutes of meetings (MoMs) from Gram Sabha or other Panchayat meetings’ audio/video recordings?

(a) GramSattva
(b) SabhaSaar
(c) GramVivaran
(d) SabhaSadan

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) SabhaSaar

On78th Independence Day Eve (2024), the government launchedSabhaSaar.
Purpose: AI-powered tool to auto-generateMinutes of Meetings (MoMs)from Gram Sabha/Panchayat audio/video recordings.
Significance: Enhances transparency and documentation in rural governance.
Answer: Option 2 → SabhaSaar

RRB NTPC GL CBT-1 2025-26 – 17 March 2026 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q112. In November 2025, which company delivered the human-rated Vikas engine to ISRO for the Gaganyaan mission?

(a) Bharat Electronics
(b) HAL
(c) ISRO
(d) Godrej Aerospace

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Godrej Aerospace

InNovember 2025,Godrej Aerospacedelivered the human-rated Vikas engine to ISRO.
The Vikas engine is crucial for theGaganyaan mission, India's first crewed spaceflight program.
Godrej Aerospace has been a key partner in manufacturing critical rocket engines for ISRO's missions.
Answer: Option 4 → Godrej Aerospace

RRB Technician Grade III 2025-26 – 9 March 2026 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q113. During October 2025, what first-ever scientific observation was made by ISRO’s Chandrayaan-2 orbiter?

(a) The detection of volcanic activity occurring beneath the lunar crust
(b) The presence of subsurface water deposits under the lunar surface
(c) The discovery of a newly identified mineral present on the Moon
(d) The effects of Coronal Mass Ejections from the Sun on the Moon

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) The effects of Coronal Mass Ejections from the Sun on the Moon

Option 4 is correct.
In October 2025, ISRO’s Chandrayaan-2 orbiter made its first-ever scientific observation of the effects of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) from the Sun on the Moon.
This was a significant finding as it helped understand how solar events impact the lunar environment.
Other options like volcanic activity, subsurface water deposits, or new minerals were not reported first by Chandrayaan-2 during this period.
Hence, the detection of CME effects from the Sun on the Moon is the correct observation.

RRB Technician Grade III 2025-26 – 9 March 2026 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q114. Which agency has bagged a Transfer of Technology (ToT) deal, valued at ₹511 crore, from the Indian Space Research Organisation, to build and operate Small Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs)?

(a) Larsen & Toubro
(b) Bharat Dynamics Limited
(c) Adani Defence
(d) Hindustan Aeronautics Limited

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Hindustan Aeronautics Limited

TheTransfer of Technology (ToT) deal worth ₹511 crorefor SSLV was given byISRO.
This deal was awarded toHindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).
HAL will be responsible forbuilding and operating Small Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs).
This step aims toboost private/public sector participation in space technology.

RRB Technician Grade III 2025-26 – 9 March 2026 Shift 2 · Health and medical research

Q115. Which country launched the first indigenous, Low-Cost Gene Therapy for Sickle Cell Disease, named "BIRSA 101"?

(a) India
(b) China
(c) Spain
(d) Japan

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) India

The first indigenous, low-cost gene therapy for Sickle Cell Disease named 'BIRSA 101' was launched by India.
This is a significant milestone in medical biotechnology in India.
Such innovations help make advanced therapies affordable and accessible to large populations.
Therefore, the correct country is India.

RRB Technician Grade III 2025-26 – 6 March 2026 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q116. Indigenous GSAT-7R weighs 4400 kg, making it the heaviest communication satellite launched from which country?

(a) France
(b) Japan
(c) India
(d) United State of America

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) India

The GSAT-7R is an indigenous communication satellite from India.
It weighs 4400 kg, making it the heaviest communication satellite launched from India.
Hence, the country is India.
Final answer: Option 3

RRB JE CBT-1 2025-26 – 25 February 2026 Shift 3 · Research breakthroughs - current

Q117. What is the primary composition of the stable composite developed by IIT Mandi that prevents 2D semiconductors from degrading?

(a) Boron nitride mixed with epoxy resin
(b) Tungsten disulfide (WS) encapsulated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
(c) Carbon nanotubes embedded in polymer matrix
(d) Graphene combined with silicone

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Tungsten disulfide (WS) encapsulated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

Solution:
Indian Institute of Technology Mandi developed astable composite to protect 2D semiconductors from degradation
The material involvestungsten disulfide (WS₂), a 2D semiconductor
It isencapsulated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)for stability and protection
Answer: Tungsten disulfide (WS₂) encapsulated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

SSC MTS 2025 – 20 February 2026 Shift 2 · Health and medical research

Q118. Which Indian city installed North India's first Digital PET-CT scanner in May 2025?

(a) Jaipur
(b) Shimla
(c) Gurugram
(d) Lucknow

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Gurugram

Correct Answer: Gurugram (Option 3)
In May 2025, Gurugram (Haryana) became the site of North India's first Digital PET-CT (Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography) scanner installation. This advanced medical imaging technology provides significantly better diagnostic capabilities for cancer detection and other metabolic disorders compared to conventional PET-CT scanners.
Why other options are wrong:
Options 1 (Jaipur), 2 (Shimla), and 4 (Lucknow) were not the cities where North India's first Digital PET-CT scanner was installed in May 2025.

SSC MTS 2025 – 20 February 2026 Shift 2 · Technology launches and AI

Q119. 'STRONG' is a new language system developed to decode nanopore properties.
It has been developed by which institution in November 2024?

(a) IIT, Delhi
(b) IISc, Bengaluru
(c) ISRO
(d) DRDO

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) IISc, Bengaluru

Correct Answer: IISc, Bengaluru (Option 2)
The 'STRONG' (Spatial-Temporal Representation Of Nanopore Grammar) language system was developed by the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru in November 2024. It is an AI-based language model designed to decode and understand the properties of nanopores, which are tiny pores used in next-generation DNA sequencing and other biotechnology applications.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 – IIT Delhi was not associated with this specific development.
Option 3 – ISRO is India's space agency and not involved in nanopore research.
Option 4 – DRDO is India's defence research body and not involved in developing this language system.

RRB JE CBT-1 2025-26 – 20 February 2026 · Health and medical research

Q120. Which company developed India's first indigenous surgical robotic system that recently performed two world-first robotic cardiac telesurgeries with an ultra-low latency of just 35–40 milliseconds?

(a) SS Innovations
(b) Intuitive Surgical India
(c) Medtronic India
(d) Siemens Healthineers India

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) SS Innovations

India's first indigenous surgical robotic system was developed by SS Innovations.
This system recently achieved two world-first robotic cardiac telesurgeries with an ultra-low latency of 35–40 milliseconds.
No other Indian company has made such pioneering advancements in robotic cardiac telesurgery to date.
Hence, the correct answer is SS Innovations.

RRB JE CBT-1 2025-26 – 19 February 2026 · Space missions - current

Q121. In January 2025, India became the fourth nation in the world to successfully dock two satellites in space. What was the name of this mission?

(a) Gaganyaan
(b) Mars Orbiter
(c) SpaDeX
(d) Chandrayaan-3

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) SpaDeX

India successfully docked two satellites in space in January 2025 under the SpaDeX mission.
SpaDeX stands for Space Docking Experiment.
This made India the fourth nation after the USA, Russia, and China to perform space docking successfully.
Gaganyaan is India’s manned space mission, but unrelated to satellite docking.
Mars Orbiter and Chandrayaan-3 are interplanetary missions, not docking missions.
Thus, the correct name for the mission is SpaDeX.
Final answer: Option 3

RRB JE CBT-1 2025-26 – 19 February 2026 · Health and medical research

Q122. What was the primary theme of the International Symposium on Health Technology Assessment (ISHTA) 2025?

(a) Showcasing medical device technologies
(b) Promoting digital health innovations
(c) Enhancing global health security efforts
(d) Bridging evidence to policy for healthcare

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Bridging evidence to policy for healthcare

The primary theme of the International Symposium on Health Technology Assessment (ISHTA) 2025 was focused on bridging evidence to policy for healthcare.
This means the symposium aimed to connect scientific evidence on health technologies with practical policy-making to improve healthcare outcomes.
Thus, it was not just about technology showcase or innovations but about the translation of evidence into policy decisions.
Hence, option 4 is correct.
Final answer: Option 4

SSC MTS 2025 – 17 February 2026 Shift 1 · Technology launches and AI

Q123. Which country organisation has produced the world's first carbon-14 diamond battery, with potential to provide power for thousands of years?

(a) Japan
(b) Germany
(c) United States
(d) United Kingdom

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) United Kingdom

The world's first carbon-14 diamond battery was produced by a UK-based organisation ( Arkenlight , developed in collaboration with the University of Bristol). It uses radioactive carbon-14 encased in a diamond and can potentially generate electricity for thousands of years. Japan, Germany, and the United States did not produce this technology.

SSC MTS 2025 – 16 February 2026 Shift 1 · Technology launches and AI

Q124. Which company developed the generative AI model named Muse in February 2025?

(a) Sony
(b) Google
(c) Microsoft
(d) Nintendo

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Microsoft

Microsoft developed the generative AI model called Muse in February 2025. Muse is a large-scale generative AI model designed for video game development, capable of generating gameplay visuals and game states. It was developed in collaboration with Xbox and represents a significant step in applying AI to interactive entertainment.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Sony: A major gaming and electronics company; Sony did not develop the Muse AI model.
- Google: Develops AI models like Gemini; Muse is not a Google product.
- Nintendo: A Japanese gaming company known for Mario and Zelda; it did not develop the Muse AI model.

SSC MTS 2025 – 16 February 2026 Shift 1 · Technology launches and AI

Q125. Which IIT developed a method using bacterial enzymes to degrade plasticizers in January 2025?

(a) IIT Delhi
(b) IIT Madras
(c) IIT Roorkee
(d) IIT Guwahati

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) IIT Roorkee

IIT Roorkee researchers developed an innovative method in January 2025 using bacterial enzymes to biodegrade plasticizers — chemical additives used in plastics like PVC. This breakthrough addresses the problem of environmental contamination from plasticizer compounds that are resistant to conventional degradation.
Why other options are incorrect:
- IIT Delhi: A leading research institution, but this specific plasticizer degradation study was from IIT Roorkee.
- IIT Madras: Known for various innovations, but this particular research was attributed to IIT Roorkee.
- IIT Guwahati: A prominent IIT but not associated with this specific January 2025 research on plasticizer degradation.

SSC MTS 2025 – 13 February 2026 Shift 1 · Research breakthroughs - current

Q126. In November 2024, IL-35-mediated immunotherapy has been developed as a new treatment for which type of diabetes?

(a) Type I
(b) Type III
(c) Type V
(d) Type VII

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Type I

Correct Answer: Option 1 – Type I
In November 2024, researchers developed IL-35-mediated immunotherapy as a new treatment approach for Type I Diabetes (also called insulin-dependent or juvenile diabetes). Type I Diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. IL-35 (Interleukin-35) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that can suppress the immune attack on beta cells, offering a potential disease-modifying treatment rather than just insulin replacement.
Why other options are wrong:
Options 2 (Type III), 3 (Type V), 4 (Type VII): These are not standard medical classifications of diabetes. The mainstream types are Type I and Type II. The IL-35 immunotherapy specifically targets the autoimmune mechanism in Type I Diabetes.

SSC MTS 2025 – 13 February 2026 Shift 3 · Health and medical research

Q127. In September 2024, which global health body approved the first mpox vaccine in an effort to combat the disease in Africa?

(a) Doctors Without Borders
(b) International Red Cross
(c) World Health Organization
(d) International Society for Infectious Diseases

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) World Health Organization

In September 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) approved the first mpox vaccine (LC16m8, manufactured by KM Biologics of Japan) for emergency use to help combat the mpox outbreak in Africa, particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo and neighbouring countries. This approval was part of WHO's emergency use listing process to accelerate access to the vaccine.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Doctors Without Borders: An NGO providing medical aid; it does not approve vaccines.
- International Red Cross: A humanitarian organisation; it does not have authority to approve vaccines.
- International Society for Infectious Diseases: A scientific society; vaccine approval authority rests with WHO.

SSC MTS 2025 – 12 February 2026 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q128. Which country launched the Chamran-1 satellite in September 2024?

(a) Israel
(b) India
(c) China
(d) Iran

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Iran

Correct Answer: Option 4 – Iran
Iran launched the Chamran-1 satellite in September 2024. It was placed into orbit using a Qaem-100 rocket. Chamran-1 is a research satellite developed by Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). The satellite is named after Mostafa Chamran, an Iranian scientist and military commander.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Israel): Israel has its own satellite programme but did not launch Chamran-1.
Option 2 (India): India did not launch the Chamran-1 satellite.
Option 3 (China): China is a major space power but Chamran-1 is specifically an Iranian satellite.

SSC MTS 2025 – 12 February 2026 Shift 3 · Technology launches and AI

Q129. What is the name of Google's seventh-generation AI chip designed primarily for inference in April 2025?

(a) Trillium
(b) Ironwood
(c) Gemini TPU
(d) AlphaCore

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Ironwood

Correct Answer: Option 2 – Ironwood
Google announced its seventh-generation TPU (Tensor Processing Unit) chip named 'Ironwood' in April 2025. Ironwood is designed primarily for AI inference tasks and represents a significant leap in performance and efficiency over its predecessor, Trillium (6th generation). Ironwood offers improved performance per watt for large-scale AI model deployment.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Trillium): Trillium is Google's sixth-generation TPU, not the seventh.
Option 3 (Gemini TPU): Gemini is the name of Google's AI model series; it is not a chip name.
Option 4 (AlphaCore): Not a real Google chip product.

SSC MTS 2025 – 11 February 2026 Shift 2 · Technology launches and AI

Q130. What is the name of the text-to-speech model launched by Sarvam AI in May 2025?

(a) Sparrow v2
(b) Bulbul v2
(c) Koel v1
(d) Mynah A

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Bulbul v2

The correct answer is Bulbul v2 (Option 2). Sarvam AI, an Indian AI startup, launched 'Bulbul v2' — a text-to-speech (TTS) model in May 2025. It supports multiple Indian languages and is designed to generate natural-sounding speech. Option 1 (Sparrow v2), Option 3 (Koel v1), and Option 4 (Mynah A) are not the names of Sarvam AI's TTS model launched in May 2025.

SSC MTS 2025 – 11 February 2026 Shift 3 · Technology launches and AI

Q131. In June 2025, Startup Accelerator Platform ' WaveX ' invited startups to develop an AI-powered real-time multilingual translation solution named _____.

(a) ShabdSetu
(b) VaniSetu
(c) BhashaSetu
(d) AnuvaadSetu

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) BhashaSetu

The correct answer is BhashaSetu (Option 3). In June 2025, the Startup Accelerator Platform ' WaveX ' launched a challenge inviting startups to develop an AI-powered real-time multilingual translation solution named ' BhashaSetu .' The initiative was aimed at bridging language barriers using artificial intelligence technology in India. Options 1 ( ShabdSetu ), 2 ( VaniSetu ), and 4 ( AnuvaadSetu ) are not the names associated with this WaveX initiative.

SSC MTS 2025 – 9 February 2026 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q132. ' FireSat ', a satellite put into orbit by Elon Musk's SpaceX, is backed by which tech company?

(a) Apple
(b) Google
(c) Amazon
(d) Infosys

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Google

Correct Answer: 2 (Google)
FireSat is a wildfire detection satellite project backed by Google (through Google.org and Alphabet). The constellation of small satellites, launched aboard SpaceX rockets, aims to detect wildfires within minutes of ignition anywhere on Earth, using infrared sensors to spot heat signatures that indicate fires.
Option 1 (Apple) is incorrect - Apple is not involved in the FireSat project.
Option 3 (Amazon) is incorrect - the candidate chose this wrong option; Amazon has its own Project Kuiper satellite constellation.
Option 4 (Infosys) is incorrect - Infosys is an Indian IT company not involved in satellite projects.

SSC MTS 2025 – 9 February 2026 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q133. In May 2025, which country launched the first AI satellites to build the world's first supercomputer in orbit?

(a) India
(b) China
(c) USA
(d) South Korea

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) China

Correct Answer: 2 – China.
In May 2025, China launched a constellation of AI-powered satellites aimed at building the world's first space-based supercomputer in orbit. The initiative is part of China's broader strategy to develop in-space computing infrastructure for AI data processing directly in orbit, reducing dependency on ground-based data centres .
India (Option 1), USA (Option 3), and South Korea (Option 4) had not launched such an AI satellite supercomputer constellation by May 2025.

SSC MTS 2025 – 6 February 2026 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q134. Which organization developed the SCOT mission in January 2025?

(a) Skyroot Aerospace
(b) Agnikul Cosmos
(c) Digantara
(d) Pixxel

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Digantara

Correct Answer: 3 (Digantara)
Digantara, an Indian space situational awareness startup, developed the SCOT (Space Commerce Operations and Technology) mission in January 2025. Digantara is known for building sensors and satellites for tracking space objects and providing space weather data.
Option 1 (Skyroot Aerospace) is incorrect - Skyroot is known for its Vikram rocket series.
Option 2 (Agnikul Cosmos) is incorrect - Agnikul developed the Agnibaan rocket with a 3D-printed engine.
Option 4 (Pixxel) is incorrect - Pixxel is a hyperspectral satellite imaging company.

SSC MTS 2025 – 6 February 2026 Shift 2 · Technology launches and AI

Q135. What is the name of the Large Language Model (LLM) developed by CoRover.ai?

(a) IndiaGPT
(b) BharatAI
(c) BharatGPT
(d) DeshGPT

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) BharatGPT

Correct Answer: 3 (BharatGPT)
BharatGPT is the Large Language Model (LLM) developed by CoRover.ai, an Indian conversational AI company. CoRover.ai is known for its AI-powered chatbot platform and developed BharatGPT as a multilingual AI model tailored for Indian languages and use cases.
Option 1 (IndiaGPT) is incorrect - IndiaGPT is not the name of CoRover.ai's LLM.
Option 2 (BharatAI) is incorrect.
Option 4 (DeshGPT) is incorrect.

SSC MTS 2025 – 6 February 2026 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q136. What is the name of the two spacecrafts involved in the Proba-3 mission?

(a) SunSat and EarthSat
(b) Proba-A and Proba-B
(c) Ocra and Nexus
(d) Coronagraph and Occulter

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Coronagraph and Occulter

Correct Answer: 4 (Coronagraph and Occulter)
Proba-3 is an ESA (European Space Agency) mission launched in 2024 consisting of two spacecraft flying in precise formation:
1. The Coronagraph spacecraft: carries the scientific instruments to study the Sun's corona.
2. The Occulter spacecraft: positioned 144 metres ahead to create an artificial solar eclipse by blocking the Sun's disc.
Together, they create the longest artificial solar eclipse (6 hours per orbit) to study the Sun's corona in unprecedented detail.
Option 1 (SunSat and EarthSat) is incorrect - these are not the names of Proba-3 spacecraft.
Option 2 (Proba-A and Proba-B) is incorrect.
Option 3 (Ocra and Nexus) is incorrect.

Delhi Police Head Constable (Ministerial) 2025-26 – 12 January 2026 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q137. What is the primary objective of NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar), the Earth-observation satellite developed jointly by NASA and ISRO?

(a) To study solar storms and space radiation hazards
(b) To provide real-time weather forecasting using radar pulses
(c) To monitor Earth's surface changes and ecosystem disturbances
(d) To track atmospheric pollutants and ozone depletion

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) To monitor Earth's surface changes and ecosystem disturbances

Option 3 is correct. NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a joint Earth-observation satellite mission by NASA (USA) and ISRO (India). Its primary objective is to measure and monitor Earth's surface changes including land subsidence, glacier movement, earthquake deformation, volcanic activity, ecosystem disturbances (wetlands, forests), and sea-level-related coastal changes — using dual-frequency SAR (L-band by NASA, S-band by ISRO). It will scan Earth's entire surface every 12 days.
• Option 1 is wrong: Studying solar storms is the role of heliospheric observatories like ADITYA-L1 (ISRO) or NASA's Parker Solar Probe; not NISAR.
• Option 2 is wrong: Real-time weather forecasting uses meteorological satellites (like INSAT/GOES series); NISAR is not a weather satellite.
• Option 4 is wrong: Tracking atmospheric pollutants and ozone is done by satellites like Sentinel-5P or TROPOMI instruments; NISAR focuses on surface deformation, not atmospheric chemistry.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 6 January 2026 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q138. What is the specified orbit altitude of the NISAR spacecraft?

(a) 520 km
(b) 650 km
(c) 747 km
(d) 820 km

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 747 km

The correct answer is (c) 747 km.
NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a joint Earth observation satellite developed by NASA and ISRO. It was launched on March 30, 2025 by ISRO's GSLV-F16. NISAR orbits in a Sun-synchronous near-polar orbit at an altitude of approximately 747 km above Earth's surface. It carries both L-band (NASA) and S-band (ISRO) radar systems to observe Earth's surface changes.
(a) 520 km: Not the specified orbital altitude of NISAR; too low for its mission design.
(b) 650 km: Not the specified orbital altitude of NISAR.
(d) 820 km: Not the specified orbital altitude of NISAR; slightly higher than its actual orbit.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 5 January 2026 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q139. Which ISRO launch vehicle successfully delivered the NISAR satellite to orbit?

(a) PSLV
(b) GSLV-F16
(c) GSLV Mk-III
(d) SLV

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) GSLV-F16

The correct answer is (b) GSLV-F16.
The NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) satellite, a joint Earth observation mission by NASA and ISRO, was successfully launched aboard ISRO's GSLV-F16 launch vehicle on March 30, 2025. NISAR is designed to observe changes in the Earth's surface and is one of the most advanced radar imaging satellites ever built.
(a) PSLV: India's workhorse rocket primarily used for smaller and medium payloads in polar orbits; NISAR was launched on GSLV-F16 due to its heavier mass (~2,800 kg).
(c) GSLV Mk-III (LVM3): The heaviest Indian launch vehicle, used for heavier geostationary payloads; NISAR was launched on GSLV-F16.
(d) SLV: India's first rocket, launched in 1979 and retired; used for small payloads; not capable of launching NISAR.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 3 January 2026 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q140. What significant milestone did ISRO achieve with the GSLV-F15 mission, marking a historic count of launches from its Sriharikota facility?

(a) First lunar mission
(b) 100th overall rocket launch from Sriharikota
(c) First human spaceflight
(d) Launch of India's first space station module

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 100th overall rocket launch from Sriharikota

ISRO's GSLV-F15 mission (January 2025), carrying the NVS-02 navigation satellite, marked the historic milestone of the 100th rocket launch from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC-SHAR) at Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh. This was a significant achievement in India's space programme spanning over five decades.
(a) Incorrect: India's first lunar mission was Chandrayaan-1 (2008); the 100th launch milestone was with GSLV-F15 in 2025.
(b) Incorrect: India's first human spaceflight ( Gaganyaan ) is scheduled for 2025; the GSLV-F15 mission was not the first human spaceflight.
(c) Incorrect: India's first space station module launch is planned for the future ISRO Indian Space Station programme , not the GSLV-F15 mission.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 30 December 2025 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q141. What scientific advantage does NISAR's dual-frequency radar (L + S band) provide?

(a) Only better colour images
(b) Ability to penetrate vegetation/soil and detect very small ground movements (deformation)
(c) It only increases communication capacity
(d) It reduces satellite weight drastically

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Ability to penetrate vegetation/soil and detect very small ground movements (deformation)

NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) uses L-band (longer wavelength) and S-band (shorter wavelength) dual-frequency radar. The L-band penetrates vegetation and soil to detect subsurface changes, while the S-band captures surface deformations. Together they can measure ground movement as small as a centimeter, enabling monitoring of earthquakes, landslides, glaciers, and crop conditions.
(a) Incorrect: Colour imaging is not the scientific advantage of dual-frequency radar; SAR produces radar images, and the advantage lies in its ability to penetrate surfaces and detect deformation.
(c) Incorrect: Communication capacity is not the purpose of NISAR's dual-frequency radar; it is a science mission for Earth observation, not a communication satellite.
(d) Incorrect: Having two radar frequencies does not reduce satellite weight; in fact, carrying two radar systems adds to the satellite's mass and complexity.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 29 December 2025 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q142. Which ISRO engine was tested for multi-element ignition under vacuum in early 2025?

(a) Vikas
(b) CE20
(c) SC120
(d) GSLV Mk3 core stage

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) CE20

The CE20 (Cryogenic Engine 20) is ISRO's high-thrust cryogenic engine used in the upper stage of GSLV Mk III (LVM3). In early 2025, ISRO successfully tested the CE20 engine for multi-element ignition under vacuum conditions, advancing its development for future missions.
(a) Incorrect: Vikas is a liquid-propellant engine used in the second stage of PSLV and GSLV Mk I/II.
(c) Incorrect: SC120 is not a standard ISRO engine designation.
(d) Incorrect: GSLV Mk3 core stage uses a different configuration; CE20 is the upper stage engine.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 29 December 2025 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q143. What is the approximate launch mass of ISRO's CMS-03 communication satellite?

(a) 2400 kg
(b) 4400 kg
(c) 5400 kg
(d) 6400 kg

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 4400 kg

ISRO's CMS-03 (Communication Satellite-03) has an approximate launch mass of 4400 kg. It belongs to India's communication satellite series providing direct-to-home broadcasting and VSAT connectivity services. ISRO's LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3) with a payload capacity of approximately 4000 kg to Geostationary Transfer Orbit is the primary launch vehicle for such heavy communication satellites.
(a) Incorrect: 2400 kg is below the typical mass range for ISRO's advanced geostationary communication satellites.
(c) Incorrect: 5400 kg exceeds the approximate launch mass of CMS-03.
(d) Incorrect: 6400 kg is significantly above the approximate launch mass of CMS-03.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 29 December 2025 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q144. Into which orbit was ISRO's CMS-03 satellite placed after its launch?

(a) Low Earth Orbit
(b) Geostationary Orbit
(c) Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit
(d) Polar Orbit

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit

After launch by LVM3 (GSLV Mk III), ISRO's CMS-03 was initially placed in Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) — an elliptical orbit with a low perigee (around 200 km) and a high apogee (around 35,786 km). The satellite's onboard propulsion system subsequently raises it to its operational Geostationary Orbit (GEO) at 35,786 km altitude for communication services.
(a) Incorrect: Low Earth Orbit (160-2000 km) is used for Earth observation and navigation satellites; communication satellites go to GTO/GEO.
(b) Incorrect: Geostationary Orbit is the final operational orbit; GTO is the intermediate orbit after launch.
(d) Incorrect: Polar Orbit is used for Earth observation satellites passing over the poles; not used for geostationary communication satellites.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 24 December 2025 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q145. The NISAR spacecraft is built around which structural platform of ISRO?

(a) I-6K
(b) I-4S
(c) I-3K
(d) I-2K

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) I-3K

The correct answer is I-3K (Option 3).
NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar), a joint Earth observation satellite mission between NASA and ISRO, is built around the I-3K (I-3000) satellite bus — ISRO's structural platform for medium to heavy satellites. This bus provides the spacecraft's power, propulsion, and structural support systems.
Option 1 - I-6K: The I-6K is a heavier satellite bus used for larger geostationary satellites with more payload capacity than what NISAR requires.
Option 2 - I-4S: I-4S is an ISRO launch vehicle designation (a smaller rocket), not a satellite bus platform.
Option 4 - I-2K: The I-2K is a smaller satellite bus used for lighter satellites; NISAR requires the larger I-3K platform.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 24 December 2025 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q146. Which of the following correctly reflects the sustainability feature of EOS-09?

(a) Use of solar sails for propulsion
(b) Equipped with deorbiting fuel for safe disposal
(c) Ability to self-repair in orbit
(d) Radiation shielding layer for deep-space travel

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Equipped with deorbiting fuel for safe disposal

The correct answer is Equipped with deorbiting fuel for safe disposal (Option 2).
EOS-09 (Earth Observation Satellite-09), launched by ISRO in 2025, incorporates a sustainability feature in the form of deorbiting fuel. This fuel allows the satellite to safely lower its orbit at the end of its operational life, ensuring controlled re-entry and reducing space debris — an important step in responsible space operations.
Option 1 - Solar sails for propulsion: Solar sail propulsion is an advanced concept under development; it was not a feature of EOS-09.
Option 3 - Ability to self-repair in orbit: Self-repair capability in orbit is a future technology not yet implemented in operational satellites like EOS-09.
Option 4 - Radiation shielding for deep-space travel: EOS-09 is an Earth observation satellite in low Earth orbit; deep-space radiation shielding is not relevant to its mission.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 24 December 2025 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q147. GSLV-F15 marks which number of flight for India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle?

(a) 15th
(b) 16th
(c) 17th
(d) 18th

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) 17th

The correct answer is 17th (Option 3).
GSLV-F15 was the 17th overall flight of India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV). It was launched in January 2025 carrying the NVS-02 navigation satellite for the NavIC constellation. Counting all GSLV flights including developmental (D1, D2, D3) and operational (F01-F15 series), F15 marked the 17th mission.
Option 1 - 15th: The 'F15' in the mission name refers to the 15th flight of the operational Mark-II version, but counting all GSLV flights (including developmental ones) makes it the 17th overall.
Option 2 - 16th: 16th is incorrect; GSLV-F15 was specifically the 17th GSLV flight.
Option 4 - 18th: 18th overcounts the total GSLV missions flown up to GSLV-F15.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 24 December 2025 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q148. Fill in the blank: Group Captain ________ is one of the selected astronaut-designates for the Gaganyaan mission and became the second Indian to travel to space since Rakesh Sharma in 1984, following his flight to the International Space Station (ISS).

(a) Prashanth Nair
(b) Shubhanshu Shukla
(c) Angad Prathap
(d) Sunita Williams

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Shubhanshu Shukla

The correct answer is Shubhanshu Shukla (Option 2).
Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla, a selected astronaut-designate for ISRO's Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission, became the second Indian to travel to space when he flew to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2025 as part of the Axiom Space mission. This was the first time an Indian astronaut went to space since Wing Commander Rakesh Sharma in 1984.
Option 1 - Prashanth Nair: Group Captain Prashanth Nair is one of the four Gaganyaan astronaut-designates but did not fly to the ISS in 2025.
Option 3 - Angad Prathap: Group Captain Angad Prathap is also a Gaganyaan astronaut-designate but did not fly to the ISS in 2025.
Option 4 - Sunita Williams: Sunita Williams is an American astronaut of Indian origin; she is not an ISRO astronaut and is not a Group Captain in the Indian Air Force.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 23 December 2025 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q149. When did the NISAR mission enter its Science Phase?

(a) July 25, 2025
(b) November 28, 2025
(c) January 1, 2025
(d) August 15, 2025

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) November 28, 2025

The correct answer is November 28, 2025 (Option 2).
The NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) mission, a joint Earth observation satellite mission by NASA and ISRO, entered its Science Phase on November 28, 2025. The satellite uses SAR technology to map Earth's surface changes with high precision.
Option 1 - July 25, 2025: This date is not associated with the NISAR mission's Science Phase commencement.
Option 3 - January 1, 2025: The NISAR mission had not yet entered its Science Phase by January 2025.
Option 4 - August 15, 2025: This date (India's Independence Day) is not the date on which NISAR entered its Science Phase.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 23 December 2025 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q150. When was the PSLV-C61/EOS-09 mission launched?

(a) May 16, 2025
(b) May 18, 2025
(c) May 14, 2025
(d) May 20, 2025

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) May 18, 2025

The correct answer is May 18, 2025 (Option 2).
The PSLV-C61/EOS-09 mission was launched by ISRO on May 18, 2025. EOS-09 (Earth Observation Satellite-09) is an advanced Earth observation satellite equipped with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) for all-weather surveillance applications.
Option 1 - May 16, 2025: The launch did not take place on this date.
Option 3 - May 14, 2025: This is not the correct launch date for PSLV-C61/EOS-09.
Option 4 - May 20, 2025: The mission was launched on May 18, not May 20.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 22 December 2025 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q151. What is the primary purpose of ISRO's CMS-03 satellite?

(a) Climate monitoring
(b) Communication services
(c) Cosmic research
(d) Cartographic mapping

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Communication services

CMS-03 (Communication Satellite) is ISRO's geostationary communication satellite, also known as GSAT-7C. Its primary purpose is to provide communication services — including DTH television broadcasting, VSAT services, tele-education, telemedicine, and mobile satellite services. It is a high-throughput Ka-band satellite serving communication needs. Option 2 is correct.
Option 1 is wrong: Climate monitoring satellites are a separate category (like ISRO's INSAT-3D, INSAT-3DR, and upcoming weather satellites); CMS-03 is a communication satellite, not a climate monitoring satellite.
Option 3 is wrong: Cosmic research is conducted by scientific satellites like AstroSat (India's space telescope); CMS-03 is a geostationary communication satellite serving terrestrial communication needs.
Option 4 is wrong: Cartographic mapping (making detailed maps) is done by ISRO's Earth observation satellites like CartoSat series; CMS-03 serves communication purposes from geostationary orbit.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 22 December 2025 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q152. Which option accurately describes the imaging payload used in the NISAR mission?

(a) Optical camera with multispectral imaging capability
(b) Dual-frequency (L & S) SAR with 12m reflector
(c) Sub-millimeter radar system with a 4-meter phased array antenna
(d) Optical imager with multispectral capability

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Dual-frequency (L & S) SAR with 12m reflector

NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) mission uses a Dual-frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) operating in both L-band (24 cm wavelength, NASA) and S-band (12 cm wavelength, ISRO), with a large 12-metre deployable reflector antenna. This dual-frequency capability allows it to measure subtle changes in Earth's land and ice surfaces. Option 2 is correct.
Option 1 is wrong: NISAR does not use an optical camera — it uses Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), which operates in the microwave spectrum and can image Earth through clouds and at night, unlike optical cameras.
Option 3 is wrong: NISAR does not use a sub-millimeter radar system or a 4-meter phased array antenna; its radar operates in L-band and S-band (centimeter wavelengths, not sub-millimeter) with a 12-metre reflector.
Option 4 is wrong: NISAR is not an optical imager; it is a radar satellite using SAR technology that transmits and receives microwave signals — not visible light — making it all-weather and day-night capable.

Delhi Police Constable (Exe) 2025-26 – 22 December 2025 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q153. Which satellite was carried as the primary payload by GSLV-F15, designed for enhancing India's navigation capabilities?

(a) NISAR
(b) Gaganyaan capsule
(c) NVS-02
(d) Chandrayaan-4 module

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) NVS-02

The correct answer is NVS-02 (Option 3).
NVS-02 (Navigation with Indian Constellation Satellite-02) was the primary payload of GSLV-F15, launched to enhance India's NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) system for navigation and positioning services.
Option 1 - NISAR: A joint NASA-ISRO Earth observation radar satellite designed to study Earth's ecosystems; not a navigation satellite carried by GSLV-F15.
Option 2 - Gaganyaan capsule: India's crewed spaceflight module being developed for human space missions; not related to GSLV-F15.
Option 4 - Chandrayaan-4 module: Part of India's future lunar sample-return mission; not the payload of GSLV-F15.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 12 December 2025 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q154. What is the major benefit of the Indian Data Relay Satellite System (IDRSS)?

(a) Solar energy from space
(b) Deep space exploration
(c) Internet access in rural areas
(d) Real-time communication with low Earth orbit satellites and astronauts

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Real-time communication with low Earth orbit satellites and astronauts

Correct: Real-time communication with low Earth orbit satellites and astronauts.
IDRSS is a data relay satellite system that provides continuous communication links between ground stations and LEO satellites/spacecraft (like Gaganyaan ). It acts as a communication bridge. Options 1, 2, and 3 are not the purpose of IDRSS.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 11 December 2025 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q155. The NISAR satellite mission is primarily related to which type of imaging?

(a) Sample return
(b) Optical imaging
(c) Radar imaging
(d) Spectroscopy

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Radar imaging

Correct Answer: Radar imaging (Option 3)
NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a joint Earth observation satellite mission between NASA (USA) and ISRO (India). It uses Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) — a form of active radar imaging — to map the Earth's surface every 12 days. It will be used for monitoring ecosystem disturbances, ice sheet collapse, natural hazards like earthquakes and landslides, and ground deformation.
Sample return missions bring physical material from space (e.g., Chandrayan-3 moon soil) — not applicable here.
Optical imaging uses cameras in the visible spectrum — NISAR uses radar, not optical.
Spectroscopy analyzes the chemical composition of materials using light — not NISAR's function.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 11 December 2025 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q156. Which launch vehicle has been approved by the Union Cabinet to support India's Bharatiya Antariksh Station and a crewed Moon landing mission by 2040?

(a) GSLV Mk II
(b) PSLV-C50
(c) Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV)
(d) Human Rated Launch System (HRLS)

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV)

Correct Answer: Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) (Option 3)
The Union Cabinet of India approved the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) project to support India's ambitious space missions, including the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (Indian Space Station) and a crewed Moon landing mission by 2040. The NGLV is designed to be a heavy-lift, semi-reusable launch vehicle with significantly higher payload capacity than existing ISRO vehicles.
GSLV Mk II is an existing operational vehicle with limited payload capacity — not approved for these future missions.
PSLV-C50 is a variant of the PSLV, a workhorse for smaller satellites — not designed for crewed or heavy Moon missions.
Human Rated Launch System (HRLS) is a specific designation for the Gaganyaan rocket — different from NGLV.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 10 December 2025 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q157. Fill in the Blanks:
NISAR satellite carries dual-frequency radar bands _ and _.

(a) X & C
(b) Ka & Ku
(c) L & S
(d) VHF & UHF

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) L & S

Correct Answer: L & S
NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a joint Earth observation mission by NASA and ISRO. It carries two radar bands: L-band (provided by NASA) and S-band (provided by ISRO). Together, they provide high-resolution global coverage for monitoring ecosystems, ice masses, natural hazards, and sea levels.
Option 1 (X & C): Incorrect. These are bands used in other SAR satellites.
Option 2 (Ka & Ku): Incorrect. These are higher-frequency bands used in other applications.
Option 4 (VHF & UHF): Incorrect. These are very different frequency bands not used in NISAR.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 10 December 2025 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q158. Read the following statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): Liquid Oxygen-Methane (LOX-Meth) has been chosen as the preferred propellant combination for India's Next-Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV).
Reason (R): LOX-Meth offers advantages such as cleaner combustion for engine reusability, relatively simpler propellant tank designs compared to LOX-Hydrogen, and a lower overall operational cost than kerosene due to reduced engine refurbishment.

(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Correct Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
LOX-Methane is indeed the chosen propellant for India's NGLV. R correctly explains why: methane burns cleaner (less soot), enabling engine reuse; its tanks are simpler than liquid hydrogen (higher density, no extreme cryogenics); and refurbishment costs are lower than kerosene engines. SpaceX's Raptor and other next-gen engines also use LOX-Methane for the same reasons. R directly and correctly explains A.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 9 December 2025 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q159. Fill in the blank:
The depth of the buried crater discovered by Chandrayaan-3 near its landing site is approximately ___.

(a) 2.2 km
(b) 4.4 km
(c) 6.6 km
(d) 1.1 km

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 4.4 km

Answer: 4.4 km
Solution:
The buried crater near theChandrayaan-3 landing siteis approximately160 km wide.
Its depth is approximately4.4 km.
So, the correct option is4.4 km.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 9 December 2025 Shift 1 · Technology launches and AI

Q160. What is the main goal of developing ISRO's MiniSAR (Miniaturised Synthetic Aperture Radar) at X-band?

(a) To replace the PSLV upper stage with with a lighter radar system
(b) To monitor atmospheric pressure changes over remote regions
(c) To provide high-resolution X-Band radar imagery using compact airborne systems
(d) To offer real-time video transmission during crewed missions

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) To provide high-resolution X-Band radar imagery using compact airborne systems

ISRO's MANAS (Miniaturised Airborne SAR) at X-band is designed to provide high-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery from compact, lightweight airborne platforms.
X-band SAR operates at approximately 8–12 GHz, enabling high-resolution imaging.
Key advantages: All-weather capability, day-and-night imaging, can penetrate cloud cover.
Applications include terrain mapping, crop monitoring, disaster assessment, urban planning, and defence surveillance.
Option A (ionospheric changes): Not the purpose of X-band SAR.
Option D (video transmission): SAR captures radar images, not real-time video.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 9 December 2025 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q161. What is the primary purpose of ISRO's GSAT-20 (GSAT-N2) satellite?

(a) It provides navigation services across the Indian subcontinent.
(b) It monitors weather patterns over the Indian Ocean.
(c) It delivers high-speed broadband services using Ka-band across India.
(d) It is designed for Earth observation and remote sensing.

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) It delivers high-speed broadband services using Ka-band across India.

Correct Answer: It delivers high-speed broadband services using Ka-band across India.
GSAT-20 (also called GSAT-N2) is a high-throughput communication satellite built by ISRO and launched by SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket in November 2024. Its primary purpose is to provide high-speed broadband internet connectivity using Ka-band frequencies across India, including remote and rural areas. It significantly boosts India's communication satellite capacity.
Option 1: Navigation services are provided by NavIC satellites.
Option 2: Weather monitoring is done by INSAT/GISAT series.
Option 4: Earth observation is done by Cartosat / ResourceSat series.

SSC CPO Paper-1 2025 – 9 December 2025 Shift 2 · Technology launches and AI

Q162. Read the following statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct option:
Assertion (A): Spark Torch Igniters are being increasingly incorporated into advanced rocket engine designs for next-generation launch vehicles.
Reason (R): They provide superior multi-restart capability and consistent, reliable ignition in extreme conditions, allowing for more complex mission profiles and enabling engine reusability.

(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Correct Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Spark Torch Igniters are indeed increasingly used in advanced rocket engines (e.g., in cryogenic and reusable engines). The reason correctly identifies why: they offer reliable multi-restart capability, consistent ignition in extreme temperature/pressure conditions, and support engine reusability — all critical for next-generation launch vehicles. R directly and correctly explains A.

SSC Stenographer 2025 – 8 December 2025 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q163. Who was announced on 26 June 2025 as first Indian astronaut for Titans Space mission?

(a) Sunita Williams
(b) Jahnavi Dangeti
(c) Rakesh Sharma
(d) Minal Patel

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Jahnavi Dangeti

On 26 June 2025, Jahnavi Dangeti , a 23-year-old from Andhra Pradesh, was announced as the first Indian astronaut selected for the Titans Space Mission . She has already undergone advanced space training at NASA and the International Space Training Center, including underwater spacewalk simulations. Her selection is a historic milestone for India as it showcases the growing role of Indian youth in global space exploration programs.

SSC Stenographer 2025 – 8 December 2025 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q164. Who will fly to ISS under Axiom-4 mission in June 2025?

(a) Sunita Williams
(b) Prasanth Nair
(c) Shubhanshu Shukla
(d) Gagandeep Singh

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Shubhanshu Shukla

The correct answer is Shubhanshu Shukla , who has been selected to fly to the International Space Station (ISS) under the Axiom-4 mission scheduled for June 2025 . Axiom Space, a private space company, is organising this mission in collaboration with NASA and SpaceX. This mission is significant because it will mark India’s growing role in international space exploration, as Indian-origin astronauts are being increasingly recognised for their contributions. Shubhanshu Shukla’s participation will be a proud moment for India in human spaceflight history, similar to earlier achievements like Rakesh Sharma’s mission in 1984 and upcoming Gaganyaan preparations.

SSC Stenographer 2025 – 7 December 2025 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q165. How can NISAR provide valuable information for understanding the relationship between fluid injection and earthquake?

(a) By monitoring water table levels
(b) By analyzing satellite imagery of earthquake damage
(c) By tracking changes in ground surface elevation associated with pumping and injection
(d) By measuring seismic activity in real time

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) By tracking changes in ground surface elevation associated with pumping and injection

NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a joint Earth-observing satellite mission between NASA and ISRO designed to monitor changes on the Earth’s surface with high precision. One of its major uses is in tracking ground deformation. When fluids such as water, oil, or gas are injected into or withdrawn from underground reservoirs, the surface elevation of the ground can change. These changes are very subtle but can be detected by NISAR’s radar imaging technology. Such monitoring is crucial for understanding how fluid injection or extraction activities may induce seismicity, i.e., cause earthquakes. Hence, NISAR provides valuable insights into the connection between fluid injection and earthquakes by tracking ground surface elevation changes, making Option 3 correct.

SSC Stenographer 2025 – 7 December 2025 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q166. In collaboration with which country is ISRO developing the Trishna satellite for high-resolution thermal infrared imaging of Earth?

(a) France
(b) Israel
(c) UAE
(d) USA

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) France

The correct answer is option 1. ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation ) is collaborating with CNES (the French Space Agency) to develop the Trishna satellite (Thermal Infrared Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural Resource Assessment). The main objective of this mission is to provide high-resolution thermal infrared images of Earth, which will be useful in monitoring land surface temperatures, water resources, urban heat islands, and climate change impacts. France has been one of India’s closest partners in space technology, and Trishna represents another step forward in Indo-French space cooperation after successful collaborations like Megha- Tropiques and SARAL satellites.

SSC Stenographer 2025 – 6 December 2025 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q167. The primary objective of the LUPEX Mission, a collaboration between ISRO and JAXA, is to:

(a) Study the Martian atmosphere and soil composition
(b) Deploy a communication satellite in lunar orbit
(c) Investigate the quantity and quality of water on the Moon and explore its dark side
(d) Observe solar flares and coronal mass ejections

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Investigate the quantity and quality of water on the Moon and explore its dark side

The correct answer is Investigate the quantity and quality of water on the Moon and explore its dark side . The LUPEX (Lunar Polar Exploration) Mission is a joint collaboration between ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation ) and JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) . Its main objective is to study the presence of water ice on the lunar surface, especially at the south pole, and analyse its potential for supporting future human habitation and exploration. The mission will use a rover and lander to explore the dark regions of the Moon, where sunlight never reaches and water ice is more likely to be preserved. This makes LUPEX a crucial step for long-term lunar exploration and resource utilisation .

SSC Stenographer 2025 – 6 December 2025 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q168. What is the name of India’s first reusable hybrid rocket launched by a Tamil Nadu-based startup?

(a) AGNI-V
(b) VAYU-1
(c) RHUMI-1 ‍
(d) RAKSHA-1

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) RHUMI-1 ‍

India’s first reusable hybrid rocket is named RHUMI-1 , developed by a Tamil Nadu-based space startup. Hybrid rockets use a combination of solid and liquid fuel, making them safer and more efficient than traditional rockets. The innovation of reusability helps in reducing launch costs significantly, similar to global models like SpaceX. The successful launch of RHUMI-1 represents a major milestone in India’s private space sector, showcasing the potential of startups in contributing to space research and satellite deployment in future.

SSC Stenographer 2025 – 6 December 2025 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q169. SpaDeX mission is related to ____.

(a) Space docking
(b) Artificial intelligence
(c) Planetary geology
(d) Space farming

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Space docking

The SpaDeX (Space Docking Experiment) mission is related to space docking technology . It is an experimental mission by ISRO to demonstrate autonomous docking in space, which is crucial for future space station programs, crew transfer, and satellite servicing. Space docking allows two spacecraft to join in orbit, enabling refueling, repairs, and transfer of astronauts.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 30 November 2025 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q170. What is SpaDeX , launched by ISRO in December 2024?

(a) A lunar lander
(b) A solar observation mission
(c) A navigation satellite
(d) A docking experiment

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) A docking experiment

Correct Answer: Option 4 – A docking experiment
SpaDeX (Space Docking Experiment) is ISRO's mission launched in December 2024 to demonstrate in-space docking technology. It consists of two small spacecraft (Chaser and Target) that are designed to autonomously dock in orbit. This technology is essential for future crewed missions, space station construction, and satellite servicing.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Lunar lander): SpaDeX is not a lunar mission; Chandrayaan-3 was India's lunar lander mission.
Option 2 (Solar observation): ISRO's solar mission is Aditya-L1, not SpaDeX .
Option 3 (Navigation satellite): ISRO's navigation satellites are part of the NavIC system, not SpaDeX .

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 29 November 2025 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q171. On October 4, 2024, the MACE telescope was officially inaugurated. Where did this event take place?

(a) Gangtok
(b) Hanle
(c) Visakhapatnam
(d) Jorhat

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Hanle

The MACE (Major Atmospheric Cherenkov Experiment) telescope was inaugurated on October 4, 2024 at Hanle in Ladakh. It is the world's highest imaging Cherenkov telescope, located at an altitude of about 4,300 metres .
Gangtok, Visakhapatnam, and Jorhat are not associated with the MACE telescope. Hence, Hanle is correct.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 29 November 2025 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q172. Europa Clipper is the first mission designed to conduct a detailed study of _______'s moon Europa.

(a) Mars
(b) Jupiter
(c) Saturn
(d) Uranus

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Jupiter

Correct Answer: Option 2 – Jupiter
Europa Clipper is a NASA spacecraft launched in October 2024, designed to conduct a detailed scientific investigation of Jupiter's moon Europa. Europa is considered one of the most promising places in our solar system to search for conditions that could support life, due to its subsurface liquid ocean beneath an icy crust.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 (Mars): Europa is not a moon of Mars; Mars has two moons — Phobos and Deimos.
Option 3 (Saturn): Europa is not a moon of Saturn. Saturn's moons include Titan and Enceladus.
Option 4 (Uranus): Europa is not associated with Uranus.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 28 November 2025 Shift 2 · Technology launches and AI

Q173. Which of the following institution has developed a device named "AroTrack"?

(a) IIT Bombay
(b) IISC Bangalore
(c) IIT Kanpur
(d) IIT Roorkee

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) IIT Bombay

IIT Bombay developed the device named "AroTrack," an aroma-tracking device. It is designed to detect and track specific scents or chemical compounds, with potential applications in areas such as food quality testing, environmental monitoring, and defence.
IISC Bangalore, IIT Kanpur, and IIT Roorkee are premier research institutions but did not develop AroTrack.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 28 November 2025 Shift 3 · Technology launches and AI

Q174. In February 2025, which institute has developed solar dehydration technology to boost farmers' income and reduce post-harvest losses?

(a) IIT Kanpur
(b) IIT Madras
(c) IIT Bombay
(d) IIT Delhi

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) IIT Kanpur

IIT Kanpur developed the solar dehydration technology in February 2025. This technology is designed to help farmers dry their agricultural produce using solar energy, reducing post-harvest losses and enabling better storage and marketing. It aims to significantly boost farmers' income by reducing wastage.
IIT Madras, IIT Bombay, and IIT Delhi are other premier institutions not associated with this specific development.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 28 November 2025 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q175. Which Tamil Nadu-based startup has developed India's first reusable hybrid rocket, RHUMI-1?

(a) Astra Space
(b) Space Zone India
(c) Skyroot Aerospace
(d) Agni Aerospace

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Space Zone India

Space Zone India, a Tamil Nadu-based startup, developed India's first reusable hybrid rocket named RHUMI-1 (Reusable Hybrid Upper-stage Motor Integration). This is a significant milestone in India's private space sector, demonstrating the capability to develop and launch reusable rockets.
Astra Space is a US-based rocket company.
Skyroot Aerospace is an Indian startup but known for the Vikram rocket series.
Agni Aerospace is another Indian private space startup not associated with RHUMI-1.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 28 November 2025 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q176. In April 2025, which country has launched the 'Three Gorges Antarctic Eye' telescope?

(a) China
(b) Russia
(c) India
(d) United States

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) China

China launched the 'Three Gorges Antarctic Eye' telescope in April 2025. This telescope is part of China's expanding scientific presence in Antarctica and is designed for astronomical observations from the Antarctic plateau, which offers exceptionally clear and stable conditions for stargazing.
Russia, India, and the United States did not launch this telescope. Hence, China is correct.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 27 November 2025 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q177. In July 2025, which country launched the communication satellite, Dror-1?

(a) China
(b) Israel
(c) France
(d) Germany

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Israel

Correct Answer: Israel (Option 2)
In July 2025, Israel launched the communication satellite Dror-1 (also known as AMOS-17). 'Dror' means freedom in Hebrew. The satellite was launched to enhance Israel's communication capabilities and is operated by Spacecom (Space Communication Ltd.).
Why others are wrong:
Option 1 - China: China did not launch the Dror-1 satellite; it has its own satellite programmes.
Option 3 - France: France did not launch this satellite.
Option 4 - Germany: Germany did not launch the Dror-1 satellite.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 25 November 2025 Shift 1 · Research breakthroughs - current

Q178. In May 2025, scientists have created the first 'pangenome' of which crop, an important staple food in Asia?

(a) Rice
(b) Maize
(c) Barley
(d) Wheat

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Rice

In May 2025, scientists created the first 'pangenome' of Rice (Oryza sativa), an important staple food across Asia. A pangenome captures the complete genetic diversity of a species across multiple varieties, enabling better understanding of genetic traits for crop improvement.
Maize, Barley, and Wheat are important crops, but the first pangenome announced in May 2025 in this context was for rice. The candidate incorrectly selected Maize.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 25 November 2025 Shift 2 · Technology launches and AI

Q179. Which super-fast charging battery technology was developed by Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research in 2025?

(a) Potassium-ion battery
(b) Nion battery
(c) Sodium-ion battery
(d) Graphene battery

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Sodium-ion battery

In 2025, scientists at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru, developed a super-fast charging Sodium-ion battery technology. Sodium-ion batteries are considered a promising, cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries as sodium is abundant and cheaper than lithium.
Potassium-ion, Nion, and Graphene batteries were not the technology developed by JNCASR in this specific report.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 24 November 2025 Shift 1 · Research breakthroughs - current

Q180. Which unconventional clean energy source in Earth's crust, seen as a potential jackpot for 170000 years of power, gained attention in May 2025?

(a) Natural hydrogen
(b) Helium-3
(c) Methane hydrates
(d) Grey carbon

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Natural hydrogen

Correct Answer: Natural hydrogen (Option 1)
Natural hydrogen (also called geological hydrogen, white hydrogen, or gold hydrogen) — hydrogen gas found naturally in the Earth's crust — gained significant attention in May 2025. Scientists estimated it could potentially provide clean energy for 170,000 years. Unlike industrial hydrogen (produced from fossil fuels), natural hydrogen is carbon-free and forms through geological processes like water-rock reactions.
Helium-3 is proposed as fuel for nuclear fusion reactors but is primarily found on the Moon, not Earth's crust.
Methane hydrates are frozen methane-water compounds found in ocean floors and permafrost — they are a fossil fuel source, not clean energy.
Grey carbon is not a recognised clean energy source.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 24 November 2025 Shift 2 · Technology launches and AI

Q181. What is the primary objective of device "AroTrack", which was launched by IIT Bombay in December 2024?

(a) To detect water pollutants.
(b) To surveillance the railway track.
(c) To detect the moisture level in environment.
(d) To monitor the air quality level.

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) To detect water pollutants.

Correct Answer: To detect water pollutants. (Option 1)
AroTrack is a device launched by IIT Bombay in December 2024. Its primary objective is to detect water pollutants, specifically aromatic compounds and hazardous chemicals in water bodies. It uses advanced sensor technology to identify contamination in water, aiding in environmental monitoring and water quality management.
Why others are wrong:
Option 2 - To surveillance the railway track: AroTrack is a water quality detection device, not a railway surveillance system.
Option 3 - To detect the moisture level in environment: Its focus is on chemical pollutants in water, not ambient moisture.
Option 4 - To monitor the air quality level: AroTrack targets water pollution, not air quality.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 24 November 2025 Shift 3 · Technology launches and AI

Q182. Which Indian institute collaborated with the National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) for a hackathon on Large Language Models and Generative AI in April 2025?

(a) IIT Delhi
(b) IIT Kanpur
(c) IIT Madras
(d) IIT Bombay

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) IIT Kanpur

Correct Answer: IIT Kanpur (Option 2)
IIT Kanpur collaborated with the National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) to organise a hackathon focused on Large Language Models (LLMs) and Generative AI in April 2025. NFRA is India's independent audit regulator, and this initiative aimed to explore AI applications in financial reporting, auditing, and compliance.
IIT Delhi, IIT Madras, and IIT Bombay did not partner with NFRA for this specific hackathon in April 2025.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 22 November 2025 Shift 3 · Technology launches and AI

Q183. India Meteorological Department officially adopted the Bharat Forecast System on 26 May 2025. It has been developed by _____.

(a) IIT Kanpur
(b) IIT Kharagpur
(c) IIT Bombay
(d) Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology

Correct Answer: Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (Option 4)
The Bharat Forecast System (BFS) was developed by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) officially adopted this indigenously developed weather forecasting system on 26 May 2025. IITM Pune is India's premier institution for tropical meteorology research and has been at the forefront of developing advanced weather prediction models for the Indian subcontinent.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 - IIT Kanpur: While IIT Kanpur does research in atmospheric science, it did not develop the Bharat Forecast System.
Option 2 - IIT Kharagpur: IIT Kharagpur was not responsible for developing the BFS.
Option 3 - IIT Bombay: IIT Bombay was not involved in developing the Bharat Forecast System.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 22 November 2025 Shift 3 · Technology launches and AI

Q184. In 2025, IIT-Madras and ISRO jointly developed a semiconductor chip. What is the name of this chip?

(a) PRITHVI
(b) IRIS
(c) SARYU
(d) VIKRAM

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) IRIS

Correct Answer: IRIS (Option 2)
IIT-Madras and ISRO jointly developed a semiconductor chip named IRIS (Indigenous Radiation-Hardened Integrated System) in 2025. This chip is designed to be radiation-hardened, making it suitable for use in space applications. The development of IRIS is a significant step toward India's goal of achieving self-reliance ( Atmanirbhar Bharat) in semiconductor technology for space missions.
Why other options are wrong:
Option 1 - PRITHVI: PRITHVI is India's surface-to-surface ballistic missile, not a semiconductor chip.
Option 3 - SARYU: SARYU is the name of a river in Uttar Pradesh and also an Indian Navy ship, not a semiconductor chip.
Option 4 - VIKRAM: VIKRAM is associated with India's lunar lander ( Chandrayaan missions), not a chip developed by IIT-Madras and ISRO in 2025.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 20 November 2025 Shift 1 · Health and medical research

Q185. In January 2025, which became the first indigenous robotic system of India to performed two cardiac surgeries through telesurgery over a distance of 286 km?

(a) Da Vinci
(b) Mitra
(c) SSI Mantra
(d) Robonaut

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) SSI Mantra

SSI Mantra, developed by SS Innovations (an Indian company), became India's first indigenous surgical robotic system to perform telesurgery. In January 2025, it successfully performed two cardiac surgeries over a distance of 286 km via telesurgery. This was a landmark achievement in Indian medical technology. Why other options are wrong: Option 1 - Da Vinci: Da Vinci is an American surgical robot developed by Intuitive Surgical, not indigenous to India. Option 2 - Mitra: Mitra is an Indian cardiac assist device but not a robotic telesurgery system. Option 4 - Robonaut: Robonaut is a NASA robot designed for space exploration, not a surgical telesurgery system.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 20 November 2025 Shift 2 · Technology launches and AI

Q186. Which institute received Rs. 4.2 crore funding in 2025 to develop next-gen digital forensic tools?

(a) IIT Bombay and IIT Guwahati
(b) IISc Bangalore and IIT Madras
(c) Delhi University and IIT Delhi
(d) IIIT Pune and NIT Raipur

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) IIIT Pune and NIT Raipur

Correct Answer: IIIT Pune and NIT Raipur
IIIT Pune (Indian Institute of Information Technology, Pune) and NIT Raipur (National Institute of Technology, Raipur) received Rs. 4.2 crore funding in 2025 to develop next-generation digital forensic tools. The project aims to create advanced tools for cybercrime investigation and digital evidence analysis, supporting India's law enforcement agencies in handling cyber incidents effectively.
Why other options are wrong:
- IIT Bombay and IIT Guwahati: Not the institutes announced for this specific funding.
- IISc Bangalore and IIT Madras: Not associated with this specific digital forensics project.
- Delhi University and IIT Delhi: Not the recipients of this particular funding.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 19 November 2025 Shift 1 · Technology launches and AI

Q187. 'AI Kiran' in India is a pioneering initiative co-led by the ________.

(a) Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser
(b) NITI Aayog
(c) Confederation of Indian Industry
(d) National Association of Software and Service Companies

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser

Correct Answer: Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser
AI Kiran (Kiran - Knowledge, Innovation, Research, and Advancement Network) is a pioneering AI initiative in India co-led by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) to the Government of India. It aims to harness Artificial Intelligence for scientific research, innovation, and development. The PSA office coordinates science and technology policy at the highest level of the Government of India.
Why other options are wrong:
- NITI Aayog: Has its own AI initiatives (NITI Aayog AI Strategy) but is not the co-lead of AI Kiran.
- Confederation of Indian Industry (CII): An industry body; not a government initiative lead.
- NASSCOM: Represents the IT industry; not the government body leading AI Kiran.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 19 November 2025 Shift 1 · Space missions - current

Q188. In 2024, which country became the first in the world to develop a wooden satellite named LignoSat ?

(a) Japan
(b) Russia
(c) China
(d) Israel

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) Japan

Correct Answer: Japan
Japan became the first country in the world to develop and launch a wooden satellite named LignoSat in 2024. It was developed by Kyoto University and Sumitomo Forestry. LignoSat is made from magnolia wood and was launched aboard a SpaceX rocket to the International Space Station (ISS). The wooden satellite is designed to be more eco-friendly as wood burns up completely on re-entry, leaving no space debris.
Why other options are wrong:
- Russia: Has an extensive space programme but did not develop LignoSat .
- China: Has an active space programme including the Tiangong space station; not the developer of LignoSat .
- Israel: Has a smaller space programme ; not the developer of LignoSat .

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 19 November 2025 Shift 3 · Technology launches and AI

Q189. In June 2025, India's first agentic AI system _____ has been developed by Krutrim start up.

(a) Mitra
(b) Sanchita
(c) Vaani
(d) Kruti

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Kruti

Correct Answer: Kruti
In June 2025, Krutrim (an AI startup founded by Ola founder Bhavish Aggarwal) developed India's first agentic AI system named 'Kruti.' An agentic AI system is one that can autonomously perform complex tasks, make decisions, and take actions to achieve goals with minimal human intervention. Krutrim has been at the forefront of developing India-focused AI systems.
Why other options are wrong:
- Mitra: A robot developed by Invento Robotics; not an agentic AI system by Krutrim .
- Sanchita: Not the name of Krutrim's agentic AI system.
- Vaani: A name associated with voice/speech AI applications; not Krutrim's agentic AI.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 19 November 2025 Shift 2 · Technology launches and AI

Q190. In which month was a national movement in India for inclusive AI leadership officially launched in 2025?

(a) January
(b) March
(c) April
(d) August

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) April

Correct Answer: April (Option 3)
The national movement in India for inclusive AI leadership was officially launched in April 2025. This initiative aimed to position India as a global leader in artificial intelligence, with a focus on inclusive and responsible AI development that benefits all sections of society.
Why others are wrong:
Option 1 - January: Incorrect month.
Option 2 - March: Incorrect month.
Option 4 - August: Incorrect month; the movement was officially launched in April 2025.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 15 November 2025 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q191. What is the name of Blue Origin's first orbital rocket launched in January 2025?

(a) New Shepard
(b) New Horizon
(c) New Glenn
(d) Blue Moon

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) New Glenn

New Glenn is Blue Origin's first orbital-class rocket, successfully launched on January 13, 2025. It is named after astronaut John Glenn, the first American to orbit Earth. New Shepard is Blue Origin's suborbital rocket (used for space tourism); New Horizon is a NASA spacecraft; Blue Moon is Blue Origin's lunar lander concept — none of these are Blue Origin's first orbital rocket.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 15 November 2025 Shift 3 · Technology launches and AI

Q192. Which company announced plans to launch a quantum computing centre in Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, by March 2026?

(a) IBM
(b) Google
(c) Apple
(d) Accenture

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) IBM

IBM announced plans to launch a quantum computing centre in Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, by March 2026. This was part of a partnership with the Andhra Pradesh government to advance quantum computing capabilities in India. Option 2 (Google) is not associated with this specific Amaravati project. Option 3 (Apple) does not have a quantum computing centre project in Amaravati. Option 4 (Accenture) is incorrect.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 14 November 2025 Shift 1 · Technology launches and AI

Q193. Celonis and Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad (IITA) have announced to launch a centre . Which of the following is one of the focus areas of the centre ?

(a) A fashion design institute
(b) A sports training academy
(c) Semiconductor fab
(d) Object-centric process mining

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) Object-centric process mining

Celonis , the world-leading process mining company, partnered with IIIT Allahabad to establish a centre focused on Object-centric process mining — an advanced form of process intelligence that analyses business processes involving multiple interconnected objects. The other options — fashion design, sports training, and semiconductor fab — are unrelated to Celonis's core domain of process mining and AI.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 14 November 2025 Shift 2 · Health and medical research

Q194. What is the name of India's first Ayurvedic diagnostic device developed in January 2025?

(a) AyurScan
(b) PulsePro
(c) Nadi Tarangini
(d) Veda Diag

Answer & solution

Answer: (c) Nadi Tarangini

Nadi Tarangini is the name of India's first Ayurvedic diagnostic device developed in January 2025. It uses pulse diagnosis technology (Nadi Pariksha) to assess the health condition of a patient based on Ayurvedic principles, digitising the traditional pulse-reading method. Why others are wrong: - AyurScan : Not the name of this device. - PulsePro : Not associated with this Ayurvedic diagnostic innovation. - Veda Diag : Not the name of this device.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 14 November 2025 Shift 2 · Health and medical research

Q195. In August 2025, which medical college in India has launched the country's first Department of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare?

(a) CMC, Vellore
(b) KMC, Manipal
(c) JIPMER, Puducherry
(d) BITS, Pilani

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) KMC, Manipal

Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Manipal launched India's first Department of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare in August 2025. This initiative marks a significant step in integrating AI with medical education and clinical practice in India. Why others are wrong: - CMC, Vellore: A premier medical institution but did not launch this specific department. - JIPMER, Puducherry: A central government medical institute; not the first to launch this department. - BITS, Pilani: Primarily an engineering institution; not a medical college.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 13 November 2025 Shift 3 · Technology launches and AI

Q196. Which Indian startup has developed the country's first full-stack 25-qubit quantum computer?

(a) QpiAl
(b) QNu Labs
(c) Prenishq
(d) QuPrayog

Answer & solution

Answer: (a) QpiAl

QpiAl (Quantum Physics and Intelligence AI), an IIT Delhi spinoff, developed India's first full-stack 25-qubit quantum computer. This is a significant milestone in India's quantum computing journey. QNu Labs focuses on quantum cryptography and secure communications; Prenishq and QuPrayog are different quantum technology entities with different areas of work.

SSC CHSL Tier-1 2025 – 13 November 2025 Shift 1 · Research breakthroughs - current

Q197. In August 2025, which technological breakthrough aims to reduce India's reliance on Chinese specialty fertilisers ?

(a) Green hydrogen blend
(b) Water-soluble fertiliser process
(c) Nano-fertilizer deployment
(d) Fast-charging lithium battery process

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Water-soluble fertiliser process

Correct Answer: Water-soluble fertiliser process
In August 2025, India achieved a technological breakthrough in developing a domestic water-soluble fertiliser process. China has been a dominant supplier of specialty water-soluble fertilisers used in precision agriculture and fertigation. This indigenous process aimed to reduce India's dependency on Chinese imports of specialty fertilisers , which are essential for high-value crop farming.
Why other options are wrong:
- Green hydrogen blend: Relates to clean energy and fuel; not directly linked to fertiliser independence.
- Nano-fertilizer deployment: Nano fertilizers are already being developed in India by IFFCO; this was not the specific August 2025 breakthrough.
- Fast-charging lithium battery: Relates to electric vehicles/energy storage; unrelated to fertilisers .

SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 19 September 2025 Shift 2 · Technology launches and AI

Q198. Where is India's first Green Hydrogen Hub planned?

(a) Punjab
(b) Andhra Pradesh
(c) West Bengal
(d) Maharashtra

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) Andhra Pradesh

India's first Green Hydrogen Hub is planned atVisakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.
Hence the correct answer isAndhra Pradesh.

SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 16 September 2025 Shift 2 · Space missions - current

Q199. Fill in the Blanks:
NISAR maps the global surface every ____.

(a) 3 days
(b) 12 days
(c) 24 hrs
(d) 5 days

Answer & solution

Answer: (b) 12 days

• NISAR Mission (NASA-ISRO SAR):
• NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is designed to map the Earth's surface.
• It maps the entire global surface every 12 days using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology.
• This enables monitoring of changes in Earth's surface, including vegetation, ice sheets, and tectonic movements.
• Answer: 12 days

SSC CGL Tier-1 2025 – 14 September 2025 Shift 3 · Space missions - current

Q200. Why is the NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) mission designed to revisit the same location every 12 days?

(a) To support low-earth orbit operations at reduced altitude
(b) To enable cost-efficient satellite passes through optimized fuel consumption
(c) To ensure consistent caching of data before transmission to ground stations
(d) To achieve temporal resolution for global coverage and land deformation monitoring

Answer & solution

Answer: (d) To achieve temporal resolution for global coverage and land deformation monitoring

NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a joint Earth-observation satellite mission.
It revisits the same location every 12 days to track changes over time (temporal resolution).
This allows monitoring of land surface deformation, ice sheet changes, ecosystem disturbances, and natural hazards.
12-day revisit cycle ensures global coverage with sufficient temporal resolution.
Answer: To achieve temporal resolution for global coverage and land deformation monitoring

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Q101. In December 2025, which institution's scientists created the bioluminescent CRISPR protein 'GlowCas9' that can track gene editing?

Q102. Which group at IIT Bombay developed the Quantum Diamond Microscope in November 2025?

Q103. At the 2025 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed the establishment of a global AI governance body. What is the name of this proposed organization?

Q104. Which post-surgical intervention, demonstrated by Indian researchers in 2025, was shown to significantly reduce pelvic recurrence in high-risk bladder cancer patients?

Q105. Which facility, inaugurated in 2025 by the ISRO Chairman, became India’s first private-sector navigation innovation hub aimed at strengthening self-reliance in advanced navigation systems?

Q106. On 10 November 2025, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) stated that the Region of the Americas no longer retained its status of being free from endemic transmission of which of the following diseases?

Q107. In November 2025, which of the following organizations collaborated with UNICEF to secure a new deal for affordable malaria vaccines?

Q108. Which AI-powered diagnostic model, unveiled by Indian scientists in 2025, analyses cancer at the molecular level to improve classification and treatment outcomes?

Q109. In December 2025, which organization issued a Request for Proposal ( RfP ) to establish 'Space Labs' in universities across India?

Q110. Which indigenous microprocessor, launched in 2025, marked a milestone in India’s technological self-reliance as the country’s first 1.0 GHz, 64-bit dual-core processor?

Q111. On the Eve of the 79th Independence Day in 2025, the Indian government unveiled which AI-powered tool to automatically generate structured minutes of meetings (MoMs) from Gram Sabha or other Panchayat meetings’ audio/video recordings?

Q112. In November 2025, which company delivered the human-rated Vikas engine to ISRO for the Gaganyaan mission?

Q113. During October 2025, what first-ever scientific observation was made by ISRO’s Chandrayaan-2 orbiter?

Q114. Which agency has bagged a Transfer of Technology (ToT) deal, valued at ₹511 crore, from the Indian Space Research Organisation, to build and operate Small Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs)?

Q115. Which country launched the first indigenous, Low-Cost Gene Therapy for Sickle Cell Disease, named "BIRSA 101"?

Q116. Indigenous GSAT-7R weighs 4400 kg, making it the heaviest communication satellite launched from which country?

Q117. What is the primary composition of the stable composite developed by IIT Mandi that prevents 2D semiconductors from degrading?

Q118. Which Indian city installed North India's first Digital PET-CT scanner in May 2025?

Q119. 'STRONG' is a new language system developed to decode nanopore properties.It has been developed by which institution in November 2024?

Q120. Which company developed India's first indigenous surgical robotic system that recently performed two world-first robotic cardiac telesurgeries with an ultra-low latency of just 35–40 milliseconds?

Q121. In January 2025, India became the fourth nation in the world to successfully dock two satellites in space. What was the name of this mission?

Q122. What was the primary theme of the International Symposium on Health Technology Assessment (ISHTA) 2025?

Q123. Which country organisation has produced the world's first carbon-14 diamond battery, with potential to provide power for thousands of years?

Q124. Which company developed the generative AI model named Muse in February 2025?

Q125. Which IIT developed a method using bacterial enzymes to degrade plasticizers in January 2025?

Q126. In November 2024, IL-35-mediated immunotherapy has been developed as a new treatment for which type of diabetes?

Q127. In September 2024, which global health body approved the first mpox vaccine in an effort to combat the disease in Africa?

Q128. Which country launched the Chamran-1 satellite in September 2024?

Q129. What is the name of Google's seventh-generation AI chip designed primarily for inference in April 2025?

Q130. What is the name of the text-to-speech model launched by Sarvam AI in May 2025?

Q131. In June 2025, Startup Accelerator Platform ' WaveX ' invited startups to develop an AI-powered real-time multilingual translation solution named _____.

Q132. ' FireSat ', a satellite put into orbit by Elon Musk's SpaceX, is backed by which tech company?

Q133. In May 2025, which country launched the first AI satellites to build the world's first supercomputer in orbit?

Q134. Which organization developed the SCOT mission in January 2025?

Q135. What is the name of the Large Language Model (LLM) developed by CoRover.ai?

Q136. What is the name of the two spacecrafts involved in the Proba-3 mission?

Q137. What is the primary objective of NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar), the Earth-observation satellite developed jointly by NASA and ISRO?

Q138. What is the specified orbit altitude of the NISAR spacecraft?

Q139. Which ISRO launch vehicle successfully delivered the NISAR satellite to orbit?

Q140. What significant milestone did ISRO achieve with the GSLV-F15 mission, marking a historic count of launches from its Sriharikota facility?

Q141. What scientific advantage does NISAR's dual-frequency radar (L + S band) provide?

Q142. Which ISRO engine was tested for multi-element ignition under vacuum in early 2025?

Q143. What is the approximate launch mass of ISRO's CMS-03 communication satellite?

Q144. Into which orbit was ISRO's CMS-03 satellite placed after its launch?

Q145. The NISAR spacecraft is built around which structural platform of ISRO?

Q146. Which of the following correctly reflects the sustainability feature of EOS-09?

Q147. GSLV-F15 marks which number of flight for India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle?

Q148. Fill in the blank: Group Captain ________ is one of the selected astronaut-designates for the Gaganyaan mission and became the second Indian to travel to space since Rakesh Sharma in 1984, following his flight to the International Space Station (ISS).

Q149. When did the NISAR mission enter its Science Phase?

Q150. When was the PSLV-C61/EOS-09 mission launched?

Q151. What is the primary purpose of ISRO's CMS-03 satellite?

Q152. Which option accurately describes the imaging payload used in the NISAR mission?

Q153. Which satellite was carried as the primary payload by GSLV-F15, designed for enhancing India's navigation capabilities?

Q154. What is the major benefit of the Indian Data Relay Satellite System (IDRSS)?

Q155. The NISAR satellite mission is primarily related to which type of imaging?

Q156. Which launch vehicle has been approved by the Union Cabinet to support India's Bharatiya Antariksh Station and a crewed Moon landing mission by 2040?

Q157. Fill in the Blanks:NISAR satellite carries dual-frequency radar bands _____ and _____.

Q159. Fill in the blank:The depth of the buried crater discovered by Chandrayaan-3 near its landing site is approximately ___.

Q160. What is the main goal of developing ISRO's MiniSAR (Miniaturised Synthetic Aperture Radar) at X-band?

Q161. What is the primary purpose of ISRO's GSAT-20 (GSAT-N2) satellite?

Q163. Who was announced on 26 June 2025 as first Indian astronaut for Titans Space mission?

Q164. Who will fly to ISS under Axiom-4 mission in June 2025?

Q165. How can NISAR provide valuable information for understanding the relationship between fluid injection and earthquake?

Q166. In collaboration with which country is ISRO developing the Trishna satellite for high-resolution thermal infrared imaging of Earth?

Q167. The primary objective of the LUPEX Mission, a collaboration between ISRO and JAXA, is to:

Q168. What is the name of India’s first reusable hybrid rocket launched by a Tamil Nadu-based startup?

Q169. SpaDeX mission is related to ____.

Q170. What is SpaDeX , launched by ISRO in December 2024?

Q171. On October 4, 2024, the MACE telescope was officially inaugurated. Where did this event take place?

Q172. Europa Clipper is the first mission designed to conduct a detailed study of _______'s moon Europa.

Q173. Which of the following institution has developed a device named "AroTrack"?

Q174. In February 2025, which institute has developed solar dehydration technology to boost farmers' income and reduce post-harvest losses?

Q175. Which Tamil Nadu-based startup has developed India's first reusable hybrid rocket, RHUMI-1?

Q176. In April 2025, which country has launched the 'Three Gorges Antarctic Eye' telescope?

Q177. In July 2025, which country launched the communication satellite, Dror-1?

Q178. In May 2025, scientists have created the first 'pangenome' of which crop, an important staple food in Asia?

Q179. Which super-fast charging battery technology was developed by Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research in 2025?

Q180. Which unconventional clean energy source in Earth's crust, seen as a potential jackpot for 170000 years of power, gained attention in May 2025?

Q181. What is the primary objective of device "AroTrack", which was launched by IIT Bombay in December 2024?

Q182. Which Indian institute collaborated with the National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) for a hackathon on Large Language Models and Generative AI in April 2025?

Q119. 'STRONG' is a new language system developed to decode nanopore properties.
It has been developed by which institution in November 2024?

Q157. Fill in the Blanks:
NISAR satellite carries dual-frequency radar bands _ and _.

Q159. Fill in the blank:
The depth of the buried crater discovered by Chandrayaan-3 near its landing site is approximately ___.

Q199. Fill in the Blanks:
NISAR maps the global surface every ____.